Patna

Patna, historically known as Pataliputra, is the capital and largest city of Bihar, India. Nestled on the southern banks of the Ganges River, Pataliputra also straddles the rivers Son, Gandak, and Punpun, contributing to its strategic geographical and historical significance. As one of the world’s oldest continuously inhabited cities, Pataliputra has evolved into a major cultural, economic, and religious hub. It is spread over an area of approximately 250 square kilometers, with a population exceeding 2.35 million as of 2018, making it the 19th largest city in India.

The origins of Patna date back to 490 BCE, founded by the king of Magadha, when it was called Pataliputra. Renowned as a center for learning, fine arts, and governance, Pataliputra served as the capital of the Magadha Empire during the Haryanka, Nanda, Mauryan, Shunga, Gupta, and Pala dynasties. It was home to many great scholars, including Aryabhata, the famous mathematician and astronomer; Vātsyāyana, known for his contributions to philosophy and literature; and Chanakya, the legendary economist and strategist.

Patna: Vibrant City of Rich Heritage, Cultural Legacy

During the Mauryan Empire, Pataliputra flourished as a political and cultural nucleus of the Indian subcontinent, with an estimated population of 400,000 around 300 BCE, one of the largest cities globally at that time. The city witnessed a decline after the fall of the Gupta Empire but was revived during British colonial rule, becoming an international trade center in the 17th century. Following the partition of the Bengal Presidency in 1912, Pataliputra emerged as the capital of the Bihar and Orissa Province, setting the stage for its modern administrative prominence.

Patna holds immense religious significance for Buddhists, Hindus, Jains, and Sikhs. It is situated near important pilgrimage centers such as Vaishali, Rajgir, Nalanda, Bodh Gaya, and Pawapuri. Notably, Patna City is a sacred place for Sikhs as it is the birthplace of Guru Gobind Singh Ji, the tenth Sikh Guru. The blend of religions and cultures is reflected in the city’s architecture, festivals, and traditions.

Patna, despite its historical fluctuations, remains an important economic hub in Eastern India. The nominal GDP of the Patna district was ₹63,176.55 crores as of 2011-12, showcasing its industrial and commercial resilience. The per capita GDP, pegged at ₹1,08,657, positioned Pataliputra ahead of several other Indian cities and state capitals. These figures underscore the city’s vibrant trade and investment potential, supported by strong historical commerce and modern industrial enterprises.

The World Bank’s ranking of Patna as the second-best city in India (after Delhi) for ease of starting a business in 2009 highlights its strategic importance. With an average annual growth rate of 3.72% (2006–2010), Pataliputra was recognized as the 21st fastest-growing city globally and 5th in India by the City Mayors Foundation.

Etymology

The name Patna has undergone several transformations over its more than 2,000-year history, reflecting its rich cultural and historical legacy. The city, one of India’s oldest, has been referred to by numerous names, each bearing a story or a connection to its heritage. The modern name “Pataliputra” is believed to be etymologically derived from Patan, associated with Patan Devi, a revered Hindu goddess. The Patan Devi Mandir, one of the oldest temples, still stands in Patna at two locations—Gulzarbagh Mandi and near Takht Sri Patna Sahib, emphasizing its historical and religious significance.

Another theory suggests that the name stems from Patli, a tree species that thrived in abundance in ancient times. The mention of Patli as a marker of the city’s identity is even featured in the logo of Bihar state tourism, reflecting its cultural significance. The ancient records of the Chinese traveler Fa Hien document Pataliputra as Pa-lin-fou, further illustrating its enduring historical importance.

Throughout history, Patna has been known by various names such as Pataligrama, Pataliputra, Kusumapura, Pushpapuram, Padmavathi, Azimabad, and finally, the present-dayPataliputra. The city’s mythical foundation is attributed to King Putraka, who, according to legend, created Pataliputra through magic for his queen Patali, the name symbolizing the “trumpet flower.” The ancient name Pataligrama derives from “Patali” (trumpet flower) and “grama” (village). It is said the city was renamed Pataliputra, meaning “the son of Patali,” in honor of the queen’s firstborn child.

Another fascinating historical connection is the belief that the Emerald Buddha was crafted in Patna (then known as Pataliputra) by Nagasena in 43 BCE. This reinforces the city’s profound links to spirituality and ancient artistry.

Patna’s etymological evolution signifies its role as a confluence of cultures, religions, and histories. From its roots in mythology to its association with eminent religious and historical personalities, the city’s name encapsulates a narrative of resilience and continuous growth. Today, while the name “Pataliputra” persists, its historical and cultural layers continue to echo the city’s grand legacy.

History of Patna

Patna, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, boasts a rich and vibrant history that spans over two millennia. It served as a hub for political, cultural, and intellectual activities during various historical periods.

Ancient Era

The city’s origins date back to 490 BCE, attributed to Ajatashatru, the king of Magadha, who relocated his capital from Rajagriha (modern-day Rajgir) to the banks of the Ganges. This strategic decision was made to counter the threats posed by the Licchavis of Vaishali. The city, initially fortified with wooden structures, bore witness to visits from Gautama Buddha, who forecasted a bright future for the place while warning of its vulnerability to floods, fire, and infighting.

Ancient Buddhist texts suggest that Pataliputra grandeur might predate existing historical records. However, archaeological excavations remain key to uncovering definitive evidence of its early history.

The Mauryan Empire

Under the Mauryan Empire, Pataliputra emerged as the most prominent city in India. Megasthenes, the Greek ambassador to Chandragupta Maurya’s court, provided detailed accounts of the city’s prosperity. According to him, it stretched approximately 14 kilometers in length and 2.8 kilometers in width, located at the confluence of the Ganga and Son rivers.

During its peak, Pataliputra was a marvel of urban planning, hosting scholars like Aryabhata, Chanakya, and Vātsyāyana. Hospitals, education centers, and other public welfare systems were a testament to its advanced societal structure. Notably, during Emperor Ashoka’s rule (268–232 BCE), Pataliputra became a focal point for the propagation of Buddhism, as Ashoka sent missionaries to spread the faith across Asia.

The Gupta and Pala Eras

Following the decline of the Mauryan Empire, Pataliputra served as the capital of subsequent dynasties, including the Shungas, Kanvas, Guptas, and Palas. During the Gupta Dynasty, often referred to as the Golden Age of India (320–550 CE), Pataliputra regained its stature as a hub of culture and learning. Fa Hien, the Chinese Buddhist monk who visited the city between 399 and 414 CE, described Pataliputra as prosperous, virtuous, and philanthropic. He was particularly impressed by the hospitals established to care for the poor, where medical services and provisions were offered free of cost.

Under the Pala Empire, Patna continued to play a role in political and cultural developments, though its prominence began to wane with the rise of competing powers.

Decline and Destruction

Patna faced severe setbacks during the medieval period. The invasion of Bakhtiar Khilji in the late 12th century led to widespread destruction in the region, effectively erasing its status as a political and cultural center. This marked a prolonged period of decline for the city as new capitals and centers of influence emerged elsewhere.

Legacy of Pataliputra

Despite periods of turmoil, Pataliputra historical significance as the capital of ancient empires and as a center of trade and learning remains unmatched. From its ancient Buddhist heritage to its role in Indian philosophical, political, and cultural spheres, Patna continues to reflect the indomitable spirit of India’s past civilizations.

Mughal Era to Modern Times

Patna’s history is a fascinating narrative of transformation, resilience, and its strategic significance through different eras. During the Mughal, Portuguese, and British empires, the city continued its prominence as a political, commercial, and cultural center.

Mughal Empire and Patna

During the Mughal era, Patna, though a provincial town, experienced some of its most eventful moments under Afghan ruler Sher Shah Suri. Sher Shah fortified the city and established a mosque, remnants of which still showcase Afghan architecture. The grandeur of Sher Shah’s fort no longer survives, yet his contributions revived Pataliputra in the 16th century.

In 1574, Mughal Emperor Akbar arrived in Patna to quell the rebellion of Afghan chieftain Daud Khan. His historian Abul Fazl, in the “Ain-i-Akbari,” mentioned Pataliputra as a prosperous trade hub renowned for its industries in paper, glass, and stone. Notably, the superior quality rice, later called “Patna Rice,” gained fame across Europe.

Later, Aurangzeb, the last prominent Mughal emperor, renamed Patna Azimabad in honor of his grandson, Prince Azim, who served as the city’s subedar. Despite the name change, little else altered in Pataliputra during the late Mughal period.

Portuguese Trade and Influence

With the rise of European trading ventures, the Portuguese Empire marked its presence in Bengal and extended trade activities to Patna by the 16th century. They utilized Pataliputra thriving markets as key supply hubs for their global network. Portuguese traders were integral to the export of local commodities like rice, paper, and textiles, shipping goods downriver to ports such as Chittagong.

Patna under British Rule

By the 17th century, Patna had emerged as an international trading center. The English East India Company established a factory in Pataliputra in 1620, primarily for trading saltpetre, calico, and silk. This attracted other European competitors, including the French, Dutch, Danes, and Portuguese, making Patna a vibrant commercial city.

The Battle of Buxar (1764) marked a turning point for the city. Under the Treaty of Allahabad, the East India Company gained tax-collecting rights in Bengal and Bihar, consolidating its hold over the region. By 1793, the British officially annexed Patna. In 1912, Pataliputra became the capital of the newly formed British province of Bihar and Orissa, further cementing its administrative significance.

The Indian Independence Movement

Patna played a pivotal role in India’s struggle for independence. The Champaran movement against Indigo plantation atrocities, led by Mahatma Gandhi, was rooted in Bihar’s fight for justice. The Quit India Movement (1942) saw intense participation from the people of Pataliputra. Key leaders of the independence movement like Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Jayaprakash Narayan, and Anugrah Narayan Sinha hailed from this historic city.

Post-Independence Era

Post-1947, Patna became the capital of independent Bihar, even after the creation of Jharkhand in 2000. Despite its political importance, the city faced challenges like bombings during a rally in 2013 and a tragic stampede in 2014.

Today, Patna thrives as an economic and educational hub, with its deep historical roots making it a living testament to India’s rich cultural tapestry.

Geography and Climate

Patna, the vibrant capital of Bihar, sits gracefully on the southern bank of the river Ganges, making it a remarkable city with unique geographical characteristics. Spread over an area of 250 square kilometers (97 square miles), the municipal corporation encompasses 109.218 square kilometers, while the suburban area adds another 140.782 square kilometers. The city lies at an average elevation of 53 meters (174 feet) above sea level. Pataliputra geography is marked by the convergence of major rivers, making it a distinctive riverine urban settlement. It holds the unique title of being the largest riverine city globally. The Mahatma Gandhi Setu, a 5575-meter-long bridge over the Ganges, stands as the longest river bridge in India.

Historically, during the British Raj, Patna formed part of the Bengal Presidency. Over the years, its geographical structure evolved, especially after 1976 when the formation of the Nalanda district removed all hilly terrains from its vicinity. This resulted in Pataliputra becoming a vast alluvial plain. The district’s fertile lands primarily support the cultivation of rice, sugarcane, and various grains, often adorned with mango orchards and bamboo groves. Along the Ganges riverbanks, vegetation includes species like ammannia and sesbania, whereas palm trees, mango orchards, and dry stretches of shrubs can be found closer to residential areas. Common trees in this region include bel, siris, jackfruit, and the red cotton tree.

Patna is susceptible to natural disasters as it falls under seismic zone-IV, highlighting its vulnerability to major earthquakes. However, these events have been rare in recent history. The city also faces significant flood and cyclone risks, underscoring the importance of proactive disaster management. The saucer-shaped topography of Pataliputra, as noted in the 2006 City Development Plan, adds another layer of geographical intrigue to this dynamic city.

Climate Conditions in Patna

Patna experiences a humid subtropical climate as per the Köppen classification (Cwa). The weather is characterized by scorching summers, a monsoon season rich in rainfall, and cold, foggy winters. The summer months, from late March to June, often record sweltering temperatures, with the highest ever documented temperature reaching 46.6 °C (115.9 °F) in 1966. Winters, lasting from November to February, offer a stark contrast with chilly nights; the coldest recorded temperature was 1.1 °C (34 °F) on 9 January 2013.

The monsoon season spans from late June to September, bringing abundant rainfall and replenishing the fertile plains. The city receives its maximum rainfall in July, with an average precipitation of 289.1 mm (11.38 inches). Over the year, Patna receives around 1,077.6 mm (42.43 inches) of rainfall on average.

Temperature fluctuations are significant throughout the year. The average daily maximum in January, for example, is a mild 22.1 °C (71.8 °F), while May often witnesses highs around 37.5 °C (99.5 °F). Pataliputra humidity levels vary, peaking during the monsoon and staying relatively low during the pre-monsoon summer months.

One of the highlights of Pataliputra climate is its sunshine hours. With over 2,550 hours of sunshine annually, the city enjoys plenty of clear skies, particularly during the winter and pre-monsoon months. On average, December records the lowest daily sunshine hours at 6.5, while April and May are among the sunniest, with averages of 8.8 hours per day.

Air Pollution in Patna: A Growing Challenge

Air pollution is a significant and pressing issue in Patna, posing serious health and environmental challenges. The city has been grappling with alarmingly high levels of particulate matter in the air, which is primarily attributed to increased vehicular emissions, industrial activities, and extensive construction work.

In April 2015, a report from the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG), presented in the Bihar Legislative Assembly, highlighted the gravity of the situation. The report revealed that the Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) level, or PM-10, in Pataliputra had reached 355 micrograms per cubic meter, a figure three-and-a-half times higher than the prescribed safe limit of 100 micrograms per cubic meter. The sharp increase in air pollution is largely a consequence of rapid urbanization and infrastructure development without adequate environmental safeguards.

WHO Declares Patna Among India’s Most Polluted Cities

In May 2014, a World Health Organization (WHO) survey labeled Patna as the second most air-polluted city in India, following Delhi. The survey measured the airborne PM-2.5 particulate matter in Pataliputra air to be an alarming 149 micrograms per cubic meter. This figure is six times higher than the safe limit of 25 micrograms per cubic meter prescribed by global standards. The exceedingly high levels of PM-2.5 have led to severe health consequences for the city’s residents.

Health Impacts of Air Pollution

The deteriorating air quality in Pataliputra has caused a significant rise in pollution-related respiratory and health issues. Medical professionals have reported an increasing prevalence of lung cancer, asthma, and other respiratory ailments linked to the inhalation of fine particulate matter. Additionally, conditions like dysentery and diarrhea have also been indirectly linked to environmental degradation caused by air pollution. The problem becomes especially severe during the winter months when dense smog blankets the city. This not only worsens health conditions but also leads to major disruptions in air and rail traffic, affecting the daily lives of thousands.

Recent Improvements: A Step in the Right Direction

Despite the daunting challenges, efforts to combat air pollution have begun to yield results. According to the Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024, Patna was ranked 10th among the “National Clean Air Cities” under the category of cities with populations exceeding 10 lakh. This improvement reflects growing awareness and initiatives to tackle pollution, including stricter emissions norms for vehicles, increased adoption of green technologies, and enhanced monitoring mechanisms.

A Call for Sustainable Development

While recent achievements indicate progress, much remains to be done to address Pataliputra air pollution problem comprehensively. Measures such as increasing green cover, enhancing public transport, regulating construction dust, and implementing cleaner industrial processes are essential to make the city’s air safer for its residents. Patna’s path toward becoming a sustainable and clean urban environment demands a joint effort by policymakers, citizens, and industries to ensure that future generations can breathe cleaner, healthier air.

The Economy of Patna: A Hub of Heritage and Emerging Growth

Patna, the capital city of Bihar, holds a unique position in India’s economic landscape. From its historical prominence as a center of trade to its evolving role in modern industries, Pataliputra reflects a blend of resilience and opportunity. Over centuries, the city’s economy has been shaped by its agricultural richness, industrial contributions, and entrepreneurial spirit.

A Legacy of Trade and Industry

Patna’s economic history can be traced back to the 17th century, when it was a flourishing hub of international trade. Renowned for its agricultural and textile exports, the city played a pivotal role in the silk and calico markets of that era. Products likePataliputra rice, sesame, and sugarcane were sought after in domestic and international markets. The city retained its economic vitality post-Independence, with the growth of sectors like vegetable oil manufacturing and textile production.

However, the trajectory took a downturn in the late 20th century. During the 1990s, India’s economic liberalization did not favor Pataliputra, as the city struggled to attract global investments. Fertilizer plants, sugar mills, and other industrial establishments faced a decline due to an underperforming ecosystem, forcing many to close operations or relocate.

Resurgence Since 2005

Despite earlier challenges, Patna has experienced a remarkable economic revival since 2005. Industries such as fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG), services, and agriculture-driven businesses have spearheaded this growth. The city’s economy also benefited from the effects of the Green Revolution, boosting its agrarian output.

The city’s reputation as a pro-business environment was further cemented when the World Bank, in 2009, ranked Patna as the second best city in India to start a business. Its steady development was recognized on a global scale when Pataliputra was named the 21st fastest-growing city in the world in 2010, with an expected growth rate of 3.72% annually through 2020.

Major Industries and Exports

Patna’s economic identity revolves around its major exports, including grain, sugarcane, sesame, and its famed Patna rice, a medium-grained variety. The presence of sugar mills in and around the city highlights its agrarian strength.

The city has also emerged as an important center for business and luxury brands in eastern India. Manufacturing companies such as Hero Cycles, Britannia Industries, PepsiCo, and UltraTech Cement have established operations in the Patna metropolitan area. Additionally, Fatuha, near Pataliputra, houses one of the world’s largest leather clusters, making it a vital player in global leather production.

Rise of the IT Sector and Modern Infrastructure

Patna is also evolving as an information technology (IT) hub, with notable companies like Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) establishing facilities in the city. The Software Technology Park of India (STPI) in Pataliputra fosters the growth of software development, artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning (ML) businesses. Several homegrown companies, such as Technix Technology, are making significant strides in IT solutions.

Financial Institutions and Urban Business Hubs

The city’s infrastructure also supports its financial and economic institutions. Major organizations, including the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the State Bank of India (SBI), maintain their regional offices in prominent areas like Gandhi Maidan Marg.

Patna’s key business districts include:

• Bander Bagicha
• Exhibition Road
• Gandhi Maidan Marg
• Frazer Road
• Indrapuri
• Maurya Lok

These areas are not only hubs of commerce but also represent the vibrancy of the local economy, hosting numerous businesses ranging from retail to luxury brands.

A City on the Rise

Patna’s economic revival story is one of resilience and adaptation. With sustained efforts in agriculture, manufacturing, IT, and infrastructure, the city is transforming itself into a hub of growth in eastern India. The combination of its rich historical legacy and modern industrial advancements paints a promising future for the city as it continues to attract investors and innovators alike.

Demographics of Patna: A Growing Urban Population

Patna, the capital of Bihar, stands as a significant urban center in India, reflecting the rapid growth and evolving dynamics of modern cities. With its rich history and status as a cultural hub, Pataliputra continues to attract residents and contribute to the demographic diversity of eastern India.

Population and Growth

As of the 2011 Census, Patna had an estimated population of 1.68 million, making it the 19th most populous city in India. Its urban agglomeration, encompassing the surrounding regions, registered a population of over 2 million, ranking as the 18th largest in India. The residents of Pataliputra are referred to as Patnaites, a term that underscores the cultural identity of the city’s inhabitants.

The 2011 census figures marked a 22.3% increase in population compared to the 2001 census. Within the municipal corporation limits, the population included 893,399 men and 790,823 women, reflecting a sex ratio of 885 females per 1,000 males. Notably, about 11.32% of the population comprised children under six years of age, with 102,208 boys and 88,288 girls, resulting in a child sex ratio of 877 females per 1,000 males.

Literacy Rates

Patna boasts a commendable overall literacy rate of 83.37%, indicative of its emphasis on education and learning. The male literacy rate stands higher at 87.35%, while the female literacy rate is 79.89%, reflecting gradual strides towards gender parity in education.

The urban agglomeration, which includes peripheral areas of the city, recorded an 82.73% literacy rate with 1,087,285 males and 961,871 females contributing to its vibrant socio-economic environment.

Comparisons and Urban Challenges

Patna holds the distinction of being the second-largest city by population in eastern India, highlighting its importance as a major urban hub. Interestingly, only 0.25% of Pataliputra population resides in slums, positioning it as the city with the lowest percentage of slum dwellers in India. This fact points to relatively better housing conditions compared to other rapidly urbanizing cities.

However, rapid urbanization has brought its own set of challenges. Issues such as unemployment, poor public health facilities, and inadequate civic and educational standards affect a significant portion of Pataliputra population. The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) reported a notably high female unemployment rate of 34.6%, the highest among Indian cities, while the male unemployment rate stood at 8% during 2011–12, making it the second highest for males.

Population Trends and Future Prospects

With its growing population, Patna reflects the broader trends of urban expansion seen across India. While challenges like unemployment and civic infrastructure need attention, the city’s strong literacy rates and minimal slum population showcase its potential for sustainable development. Continued focus on education, healthcare, and urban planning will be key to ensuring a better quality of life for its citizens.

Religion in Patna: A Diverse Tapestry

As per the 2011 Census of India, Patna showcases a diverse religious profile, deeply rooted in the city’s historical and cultural significance.

• Hinduism is the predominant faith, with 86.39% of the population identifying as followers.
• Islam, the second-largest religion, constitutes about 12.27% of the population, reflecting the city’s rich multicultural fabric.
• Smaller religious communities, including Christianity, Jainism, Sikhism, and Buddhism, also contribute to Patna’s diversity.
• A minor percentage—approximately 0.83%—stated “other religions” or chose not to declare any particular faith.

The harmonious coexistence of these communities adds vibrancy to the city’s cultural ethos, celebrated through various festivals, rituals, and traditions.

Languages of Patna

Patna’s linguistic heritage mirrors the rich cultural mosaic of Bihar.

• Hindi, spoken by 65.94% of the population, serves as the official language of Bihar.
• Magahi, the native language, named after the historic Magadha region, is spoken by 18.04% of the city’s inhabitants.
• Urdu, an additional official language, is the first language for 9.67% of residents.
• Other languages like Bhojpuri (3.19%), Maithili (1.79%), and others (1.37%) add to the city’s linguistic diversity.

Pataliputra thrives as a hub where traditional languages intermingle with modern vernaculars, reflecting the evolution of a historically significant region into a cosmopolitan city.

Administration of Patna: Governance Framework

Patna operates as one of the six Tehsils of the larger Pataliputra district, which forms a key administrative division in Bihar. The city’s governance is structured to ensure efficient public service delivery and urban management.

Key Administrative Roles:

• The Patna Tehsil is overseen by a Sub Divisional Magistrate (SDM), typically an IAS or state civil service officer.
• The SDM directly reports to the District Magistrate (DM), who is responsible for the overall administration of the Patna district.

Division into Blocks:

The Patna Tehsil is further segmented into three Blocks, each managed by a Block Development Officer (BDO), ensuring localized governance. The blocks under Pataliputra Tehsil are:

1. Patna
2. Sampatchak
3. Phulwari Sharif

This systematic approach to governance underscores the city’s ability to balance its growing population and urban challenges while striving for sustainable development.

Government and Civic Administration in Patna

Patna operates under a multifaceted governmental structure, encompassing various levels of administration and regulatory agencies that address the growing demands of a modern urban landscape. There are several administrative layers that define Patna’s governance, listed in ascending order of geographical coverage:

1. Patna Division
2. Patna District
3. Patna Metropolitan Region (also known as the Patna Planning Area)
4. Greater Patna or the PRDA Area, which includes Patna Municipal Corporation (PMC) and adjacent regions
5. Patna Municipal Corporation Area

These overlapping structural divisions play a role in the management of civic duties, planning, and development, providing an efficient governance system.

City Officials and Key Positions

The civic administration of Patna is headed by several high-ranking officials who are tasked with overseeing the city’s growth, development, and governance.

Office	Name	Assumed Office	Office Location
Corporation Mayor	Sita Sahu (BJP)	June 2017	Maurya Lok
Corporation Commissioner	Animesh Kumar Parashar (IAS)	November 2021	Maurya Lok
Divisional Commissioner	Sanjay Kumar Agarwal (IAS)	October 2019	Near Golghar, Gandhi Maidan
District Magistrate	Dr. Chandrashekhar Singh (IAS)	January 2021	Patna Collectorate
Senior Superintendent of Police	Manavjit Singh Dhillon (IPS)	January 2022	South Gandhi Maidan Marg

The Role and Functions of the Patna Municipal Corporation (PMC)

The Patna Municipal Corporation (PMC) is at the heart of the city’s administration, overseeing urban development and public services across Patna’s 75 wards, which together serve a population of approximately 1.7 million (as per the 2011 Census). The key responsibilities of the PMC include:

• Water supply
• Drainage and sewerage systems
• Sanitation services
• Solid waste management
• Street lighting
• Building regulations

The corporation is led by an elected Mayor, who is selected indirectly from amongst the elected councillors. The Mayor-in-Council also includes the Deputy Mayor and other members responsible for the city’s infrastructure and civic services. The Municipal Commissioner, typically an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer, serves as the chief executive and directly oversees the day-to-day operations of the corporation.

Mayor and Leadership

• As of June 2017, the BJP-led Sita Sahu serves as the Mayor, with Vinay Kumar Pappu as Deputy Mayor.

Special Planning Authorities

Patna’s civic administration is supported by various planning and development agencies:

• Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (BUIDCO): Manages infrastructure development.
• Patna Metropolitan Area Authority: Established in 2016, it is the key body responsible for the metropolitan region’s planning and development, replacing the Patna Regional Development Authority (PRDA) dissolved in 2006.

Patna Master Plan 2031

A significant move for the future of Patna’s governance is the Patna Master Plan 2031, approved in October 2016. The plan aims to transform Patna into a more developed metropolitan hub with plans for a new airport in Bihta. Highlights include:

• An expanded area of Patna city, from 250 square kilometers to 1,167 square kilometers, and an integrated urban framework.
• The inclusion of satellite towns in Bihta, Naubatpur, Punpun, Fatuha, and Khusrupur, which will contribute to urban expansion and economic growth.

Patna as a Smart City

Patna has been selected as one of the 100 cities to be developed as a Smart City under the Indian government’s flagship Smart Cities Mission. This initiative aims to enhance urban living through digital infrastructure, including:

• Uninterrupted electricity supply
• State-of-the-art traffic management and public transport systems
• Advanced healthcare services
• Improved civic amenities, powered by digital technology

The execution of the Smart City project is being managed by Patna Smart City Limited (PSCL), and the project management consultant Eptisa Servicios de Ingenieria SL (from Spain) was appointed in November 2017 to ensure the timely and successful implementation of the project.

Politics in Patna

Patna, being the capital of Bihar, plays a pivotal role in both state and national politics. The city houses key governmental and judicial institutions that help facilitate governance and public administration. The following are some of Patna’s significant political bodies:

• Raj Bhavan (Governor’s House)
• Bihar Legislative Assembly
• State Secretariat, located in the Patna Secretariat
• Patna High Court, which has jurisdiction over the state of Bihar and is one of India’s oldest high courts.

Patna also hosts lower courts, including the Small Causes Court (civil matters) and the Sessions Court (criminal cases), ensuring comprehensive judicial oversight within the city.

Police and Representation

The Patna Police is overseen by the Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP) and falls under the jurisdiction of the Bihar Government’s Home Department. Patna serves as a significant electoral area, with representation in both state and national assemblies:

• Lok Sabha (lower house of India’s Parliament): Patna elects two representatives.
• Bihar Legislative Assembly: The city elects 14 representatives to the State Assembly across 8 constituencies.

State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Patna

• Ravi Shankar Prasad, MP (BJP) – Patna Sahib
• Misa Bharti, MP (RJD) – Pataliputra
• Sanjiv Chaurasiya, MLA (BJP) – Digha
• Nitin Naveen, MLA (BJP) – Bankipur
• Nand Kishore Yadav, MLA (BJP) – Patna Sahib
• Arun Kumar Sinha, MLA (BJP) – Kumhrar
• Rama Nand Yadav, MLA (RJD) – Fatuha
• Ritlal Yadav, MLA (RJD) – Danapur
• Gopal Ravidas, MLA (CPI-ML) – Phulwari
• Bhai Virendra, MLA (RJD) – Maner

These representatives, among others, play a key role in shaping Patna’s political landscape.

Utility Services in Patna

Patna’s growing urbanization and development have necessitated robust infrastructure and utility services to meet the needs of its residents. Here’s an overview of the key services:

Water Supply

The water supply system in Patna is largely based on groundwater, administered by the Patna Jal Parishad under the Patna Municipal Corporation (PMC). The city’s public water supply comprises 98 tube wells and 23 overhead reservoirs, serving the population’s basic water needs.

The Agam Kuan, Gulzarbagh Press, Guru Gobind Singh Hospital, and High Court reservoirs are especially critical for the city’s functioning.

Patna’s sewerage infrastructure, established in 1936, currently consists of four sewage treatment plants located at Saidpur, Beur, Pahari, and Karmali Chak. Notably, the Nirmal Ganga initiative, launched by the central government in 2019, focuses on upgrading sewage infrastructure to prevent the discharge of 67 million liters of waste into the Ganga River from Karmalichak and several other towns.

Electricity Supply

Electricity consumption in Patna is approximately 601 kWh per capita, though actual demand exceeds this figure. The supply is managed by South Bihar Power Distribution Company Limited, operating under the umbrella of Bihar State Power Holding Company Limited.

The city’s power distribution is segmented into two primary zones:

1. Patna East (covering Kankarbagh, Patna City, Gulzarbagh, and more)
2. Patna West (covering Danapur, New Capital, and other districts)

Telecommunications and Digital Connectivity

Patna boasts a solid communication infrastructure with services ranging from mobile networks to broadband. State-owned Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) provides mobile and internet services, and is complemented by private providers including Airtel, Jio, and Vodafone.

In terms of internet connectivity, Patna made significant strides in February 2014, becoming the second Indian city (after Bangalore) to offer free public Wi-Fi. The city’s Wi-Fi zone, spanning a 20-km stretch from NIT Patna to Danapur, was hailed as the world’s longest free Wi-Fi zone, outlasting even Beijing’s previous record.

Cable and DTH Services

Patna residents have access to both Direct-To-Home (DTH) services (such as DD Free Dish, Tata Sky, Airtel Digital TV, etc.) and cable services, managed by companies like Darsh Digital Network and SITI Maurya Cablenet. In March 2013, Patna also adopted the Conditional Access System for cable television.

Transport in Patna

Patna is an important hub for road, rail, air, and river transport, making it well-connected both within Bihar and to the rest of India.

Road Transport

Patna is a significant part of Bihar’s transportation network. The city is traversed by several national highways: NH 30, NH 31, and NH 2, connecting it to other important regions. Major roads within the city include Ashok Rajpath, Patna-Danapur Road, Bailey Road, Harding Road, and Kankarbagh old bypass road. In recent years, Patna has seen the construction of several flyovers such as the longest flyover from Jagdeo Path Mor to Sheikhpura Mor and the Chiriyatand Flyover, improving connectivity and alleviating traffic congestion.

Patna was one of the first cities in India to introduce horse-drawn trams, and now, auto rickshaws and buses are the lifeline of public transport. The Bihar State Road Transport Corporation (BSRTC) operates city buses, while app-based cab services such as Ola and Uber are also available. The city is 100 km away from the East-West Highway corridor, improving its links to various parts of the state.

Air Transport

The Jay Prakash Narayan Airport, also known as Patna Airport, handles both domestic and limited international traffic. It is a restricted international airport that has witnessed significant growth, especially in domestic air traffic, with low-cost carriers flying into Patna. The airport was ranked first in a survey of 46 airports for domestic passenger growth. A proposal to develop a civil enclave at Bihta Air Force Station for a new airport is also underway. Bihta is about 40 km southwest of Patna.

Rail Transport

Patna has a highly developed railway network, with the Patna Junction railway station being one of the busiest stations in India. It lies on the Howrah-Delhi main line, connecting the city directly to major urban hubs. Additionally, Patna has multiple major railway stations including Rajendra Nagar Terminal, Patliputra Junction, and Danapur. The Danapur station serves as the divisional headquarters of the East Central Railway zone. The Digha–Sonpur Bridge, India’s longest road-cum-rail bridge, connects Patna to Sonpur, significantly improving transportation and connectivity across the river.

Metro

The Patna Metro is under construction, aiming to ease the city’s traffic congestion. Once complete, the rapid transit system will span 60 kilometers with five lines, stretching across key areas in the city. The project is expected to finish by 2025, which will be a significant addition to the city’s transport infrastructure.

River Transport

Patna’s transportation is also supported by its river network. The Ganges River has been an essential waterway, historically facilitating trade routes to the Bay of Bengal and beyond. The stretch of the river passing through Patna is part of National Waterway 1, one of India’s longest inland waterways. Inland Waterways Authority of India oversees the navigation and maintenance of the river’s stretch from Allahabad to Haldia, benefiting Patna with connectivity for the movement of goods via river transport.

Current Developments and Future Plans

The ongoing development in Patna’s transport system includes upgrades to roads, expanded railway facilities, and construction of a metro system. Additionally, there is the construction of new bridges to ease traffic flow, especially across the Ganges River, with plans for a six-lane bridge parallel to the Mahatma Gandhi Setu.

Patna’s expansion and modernisation of transport infrastructure play a crucial role in improving connectivity within the city, with neighboring regions, and to major national highways and other key cities in India. The future development of Patna’s transport system promises to support its growth as an economic and administrative center.

Culture in Patna

Patna boasts a rich cultural heritage shaped by centuries of historical influences, reflected in its language, traditions, art, cuisine, and festivals. Here are some aspects of Patna’s vibrant culture:

Magahi Folk Singers

The folk music of Patna, notably Magahi songs, plays a crucial role in its cultural identity. The Magahi language itself, derived from Magadhi Prakrit, traces its roots to ancient Magadha. Historically, it was spoken by Gautama Buddha, and it was the official language of the Mauryan court, where Ashoka’s edicts were written. Today, Magahi folk singers continue to celebrate the language’s rich traditions in music and performance.

Historical and Religious Significance

Located in the heart of the city, Gandhi Maidan is an iconic site for major political and social functions. Patna’s religious diversity is exemplified by landmarks like the Mahavir Mandir, a revered temple, drawing large crowds of pilgrims. The city’s architecture also reflects Indo-Islamic and Indo-Saracenic styles, particularly evident in buildings from the colonial period, many of which are declared heritage structures. Patna is home to several significant libraries and museums, such as the Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library, Sinha Library, and the Patna Museum. These institutions contribute immensely to the cultural preservation of the region.

Bengali Influence

Patna has a large Bengali-speaking population that has had a profound impact on the cultural and educational landscape of the region. Prominent figures, including the first Chief Minister of West Bengal, Bidhan Chandra Ray, were born in Patna. The Bengali community has enriched Patna with contributions to fine arts, education, and history.

Patna School of Painting

The Patna School of Painting, also known as Patna Qalaam or Company style, emerged as a distinctive art form. Influenced by the Mughal Miniature style of painting, this school of art focused on subjects from daily life, rather than just royal scenes. The paintings, which were often done on paper or mica, depict a blend of local dignitaries, festivals, and ceremonies, illustrating a vivid cultural expression. The school inspired the creation of the College of Arts and Crafts, which is one of Bihar’s important centers for fine arts.

Food Culture

The cuisine in Patna reflects the city’s Bihari culture with a variety of delicious dishes such as sattu paratha, sattu ka sharbat, chokha, fish curry, and Bihari kebabs. Patnaites enjoy a diverse range of foods, including street snacks like samosa, chaat, and litti chokha. The ongoing construction of the Taj Hotel Patna further signifies the city’s growing importance in hospitality and culture.

Traditional Clothing

In terms of clothing, Bihari women have traditionally worn cotton saris, although younger women are increasingly opting for shalwar kameez and Western attire. Western clothing has gained widespread popularity among urban men, although traditional attire such as dhoti and kurta remain popular during festivals.

Festivals and Cultural Events

Patna celebrates a number of significant festivals, such as Chhath, an ancient festival celebrated twice a year in honor of the Sun God. The festival, known for its grandeur, attracts thousands of people. Another major festival is Durga Puja, celebrated with spectacular celebrations in the city. Other important festivals include Saraswati Puja, Eid, Holika Dahan, Christmas, Vishwakarma Puja, and Makar Sankranti. Additionally, there are cultural festivals like the Patna Book Fair, Patna Sahib Mahotsav, the Patna Film Festival, and the Rajgir Mahotsav. The Sonepur Cattle Fair is another notable event that attracts visitors to the nearby towns.

Patna’s dynamic mix of cultural diversity and historical significance ensures its place as one of India’s most vibrant cities. Its artistic, culinary, and religious traditions have deep roots, making it a unique blend of the old and the new.

Tourism in Patna

Patna, the capital city of Bihar, is home to a variety of tourist attractions, blending historical monuments, religious sites, and modern developments. Here’s an overview of some prominent landmarks and attractions in Patna:

Golghar

Golghar, initially constructed in 1786 by the British East India Company to serve as a granary during a famine, is one of Patna’s most recognized landmarks. Today, it features an observation deck that provides a stunning view of the Ganges River and the city.

Sacred Sites and Historical Monuments

Patna’s rich cultural and religious history draws tourists to its numerous ancient sites. Kumhrar and Agam Kuan are famous for the ruins of Ashokan Pataliputra, the ancient capital of the Mauryan Empire. The Didarganj Yakshi is another important artifact from the Mauryan era, showcasing exceptional Mauryan art.

Takht Sri Patna Sahib is one of the Five Takhts of Sikhism and is sacred to the Sikh community as it marks the birthplace of the tenth Sikh Guru, Gobind Singh. There are other Gurdwaras in Patna, such as Gurdwara Pahila Bara, Gurdwara Gobind Ghat, and Gurdwara Guru ka Bagh, each holding significance in Sikh history.

Patna’s architecture is also a reflection of its British colonial history. The Padri Ki Haveli, High Court, Golghar, Sultan Palace, and the Secretariat Building are stunning examples of British-era structures. Additionally, Gandhi Maidan is historically important as the site where many freedom movement rallies took place.

Modern Tourist Attractions

Patna continues to develop its tourism infrastructure with several modern landmarks. The Buddha Smriti Park, near Patna Junction, is a recent addition and has quickly become a popular destination for visitors, providing a serene environment in honor of Buddhism.

The Patna Planetarium, located at the Indira Gandhi Science Complex, claims to be one of the largest planetariums in Asia and attracts numerous tourists interested in science and astronomy.

Another modern attraction is the Sanjay Gandhi Jaivik Udyan (Patna Zoo), located on Bailey Road, which houses over 300 mammals, 300 birds, and 450 species of reptiles as of 2019. This zoo is a major wildlife destination for tourists in Patna.

Recent Developments

In 2015, the Bihar government completed the construction of an art landmark museum in Patna, costing approximately ₹530 crores. This museum was designed by the Japanese firm Maki and Associates and is located on Bailey Road. The Sabhyata Dwar, built in Mauryan-style architecture, was opened to the public in December 2018, serving as another major tourist site.

The Samrat Ashok International Convention Centre, a grand development funded by the Bihar government, is under construction, and it is expected to use more steel than the Eiffel Tower and the Indira Gandhi International Airport, once completed.

Finally, the Eco Park located on Jawaharlal Nehru Marg offers a beautiful natural setting with over 3,000 plant varieties. It includes several theme parks, a restaurant, and a boat ride zone, making it a fun and engaging spot for families and nature lovers.

Education in Patna

Patna has a rich educational heritage with a mix of government-run and private schools, along with prestigious educational institutions. It is home to several renowned universities and colleges, which contribute significantly to higher education in Bihar and India.

Schools in Patna

Patna’s schools are affiliated with prominent educational boards like Bihar School Examination Board (BSEB), Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS), and Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). A significant portion of schools in Patna are private and unaided, offering education at affordable costs. Hindi and English are the primary languages of instruction.

As of a 2012 survey, 1,574 schools were operating in Patna, with 78% being private unaided schools, 21% government schools, and 1% private aided schools. Most schools in the city follow the 10+2+3/4 educational plan, where students complete ten years of schooling before enrolling in higher secondary education. The streams available at higher secondary schools are arts, commerce, or science.

Higher Education in Patna

Patna is home to some of the most prominent educational institutions in Bihar, which include:

• Patna College (established in 1863) – the oldest institution of higher education in Bihar.
• Indian Institute of Technology Patna – a premier institution in engineering and research.
• Patna University – one of the oldest universities in the region, established in 1917, and ranked as the seventh oldest modern university in the Indian subcontinent.
• Anugrah Narayan College, Chanakya National Law University, and Aryabhatta Knowledge University also play important roles in providing quality higher education in fields like law, science, and technology.

The city boasts institutions in various fields, from medical colleges such as Patna Medical College Hospital, Nalanda Medical College Hospital, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, to fashion technology (National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna), and management education (Chandragupta Institute of Management, Development Management Institute).

Patna’s educational institutions also cater to law, engineering, fashion, and electronic information technology studies, making the city a hub for diverse academic pursuits.

Notable Universities and Global Influence

• Nalanda University, located in Rajgir, around 100 kilometers from Patna, is a revival of an ancient center of learning. The university began its first academic session on 1 September 2014 and attracts students from across the globe, contributing to the city’s international appeal in terms of education.

Patna continues to be a centre of learning and academic excellence, with world-class institutions attracting students from around the country and beyond.

Sports in Patna

Patna is a vibrant sports city where various games and tournaments are actively played, attracting athletes and spectators from all parts of Bihar. Cricket, in particular, is one of the most popular sports in the city, but other sports like football, basketball, badminton, and table tennis also enjoy a dedicated following.

Cricket and Cricket Grounds

As in the rest of India, cricket holds a special place in Patna, with games played in both official sports grounds and streets throughout the city. The Bihar Cricket Association regulates cricket activities in the state, organizing inter-locality and inter-club tournaments. Notable cricket grounds in Patna include the Moin-ul-Haq Stadium.

• Moin-ul-Haq Stadium is an iconic venue for cricket, with a seating capacity of 25,000. It has hosted two one-day international matches and several national sports events. However, due to lack of maintenance, the stadium’s condition has deteriorated, and no international cricket matches have taken place there since 1996. There have been plans to construct an international cricket stadium in Rajgir, as announced by Nitish Kumar, the Chief Minister of Bihar, in 2013.

Other Prominent Sports Infrastructure

Patna is home to a variety of sports complexes catering to a wide range of games and sports activities. Some key complexes in the city include:

• Patliputra Sports Complex: This venue hosted the first-ever Women’s Kabaddi World Cup, where India emerged as the champion by defeating Iran in the finals. The Patliputra Sports Complex is also the home ground for the Patna Pirates, the city’s representative team in the Pro Kabaddi League.
• Mithilesh Stadium (Bihar Military Police Stadium): This is another notable sports venue in the city.
• Indoor Stadium at Digha: Located within the East Central Railway Zone, this stadium hosts various indoor sports events.

Additionally, Patna Golf Club, established in 1916, is one of the oldest golf courses in India. Set in a historic 165-acre area on Bailey Road, the club is an important recreational venue and has become a significant landmark for golfing in the region.

Media in Patna

Patna, the capital city of Bihar, has a rich and diverse history of media development that dates back to the early 20th century. The city’s media landscape includes numerous newspapers, magazines, radio stations, and television channels, serving a vast audience both in the region and beyond.

Early Publications and Literary Growth

The dawn of the 20th century marked significant progress in Patna’s publishing history. The Bharat Ratna magazine, started in 1901, was one of the earliest monthly publications, followed by other periodicals like Ksahtriya Hitaishi, Aryavarta, and Chaitanya Chandrika. These publications gave a boost to literary activities, with famous figures such as Vijyaanand Tripathy and Krishna Chaitanya Goswami contributing to Bihar’s literary and cultural scene.

The establishment of Magahi Parishad in 1952 in Patna led to the growth of Magadhi journalism, promoting regional language journalism in Bihar. The monthly journal Magadhi, later renamed Bihan, became one of the prominent publications supporting this cause.

Print Media in Patna

Patna is home to several national and regional newspapers. The city’s newspaper circulation reflects the diversity of languages and interests of its residents. Prominent English-language daily newspapers that have editions published from Patna include:

• The Hindu
• The Times of India
• Hindustan Times
• The Economic Times
• The Telegraph

In addition to these, The Pioneer and The Indian Express also circulate in the city, though they are not printed locally. For Hindi-language newspapers, Patna is served by:

• Hindustan Dainik
• Dainik Jagran
• Dainik Bhaskar
• Prabhat Khabar
• Aaj
• Rashtriya Sahara

Moreover, the city’s Urdu newspapers, such as Qaumi Tanzeem, Farooqi Tanzeem, and Qaumi Duniya Daily, serve a significant audience. Patna also hosts a Hindi-English mixed tabloid, Inext, which caters to a younger demographic.

Radio and Broadcast Media

Patna’s media presence is not limited to print but also includes a robust radio and television system. All India Radio (AIR), established in 1948, has a significant role in the region’s media. The Patna Kendra of AIR broadcasts content in several regional languages, including Vividh Bharati services, reaching large audiences across the city and surrounding regions. In addition, Patna has FM stations, such as FM 105, providing entertainment, news, and cultural programming to listeners.

Television and Private Channels

Patna is served by several private television channels, covering news, entertainment, and educational content. With growing urbanization and media consumption, the city’s television infrastructure continues to evolve, providing diverse programming to meet the needs of its populace.

Private FM Stations in Patna

Patna hosts several private FM radio stations, providing diverse entertainment and information to its residents in multiple languages. Here’s a list of the prominent FM stations in Patna:

1. Radio Mirchi
   • Frequency: 98.3 FM
   • Language: Hindi
   • Known for playing a wide selection of Bollywood hits, Radio Mirchi is one of the most popular stations in Patna, offering a blend of music, talk shows, and entertainment.
2. Radio City
   • Frequency: 91.1 FM
   • Language: Hindi
   • With its catchy tunes and exciting shows, Radio City offers music, entertainment, and celebrity interviews, keeping listeners entertained throughout the day.
3. Big FM
   • Frequency: 95.0 FM
   • Language: Hindi & Bhojpuri
   • Serving the Bhojpuri-speaking population of Patna along with Hindi-speaking listeners, Big FM combines popular Hindi songs with local Bhojpuri music and culture.
4. Red FM
   • Frequency: 93.5 FM
   • Language: Hindi
   • Famous for its fun, lively programming and bold content, Red FM connects with its audience through energetic music, talk shows, and engaging interviews.

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