Punjab

All about Punjab’s

Punjab, located in northwestern India, is a state steeped in rich history, cultural vibrancy, and economic significance. It forms part of the larger Punjab region, sharing borders with Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, and the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, while internationally, it shares its western boundary with Punjab’s province in Pakistan. Covering an area of 50,362 square kilometers, it ranks as the 19th-largest state in India by area. With a population exceeding 27 million, Punjab is the 16th most populous state, comprising 23 districts.

The official language is Punjab‘s, written in the Gurmukhi script, and the dominant religious groups are Sikhs (57.7%) and Hindus (38.5%). The state capital, Chandigarh, is a union territory that also serves as the capital of neighboring Haryana.

Punjab’s fertile land is irrigated by three major tributaries of the Indus River: the Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi, making it one of the most agriculturally productive states in India. Its name, derived from the Persian words “Panj” (five) and “ab” (water), translates to the land of five rivers, though only three flows through the present-day Indian Punjab.

this state history is a tapestry of cultural and political evolution, shaped by the migration of various civilizations. The Indus Valley Civilization, one of the world’s oldest urban cultures, flourished in this region until its decline around 1900 BCE. During the Vedic period, Punjab’s was a hub of early Indian culture but later saw diminishing prominence with the rise of the Mahajanapadas.

Punjab’s: A Land of Culture, History, and Economic Growth

The region witnessed invasions and rule by notable empires, including Alexander the Great, the Maurya’s, the Kushans, and the Guptas. The entry of Islamic rulers around 1000 CE brought this state under the Delhi Sultanate and later the Mughal Empire.

The rise of Sikhism, founded by Guru Nanak in the 15th century, transformed this state religious and cultural landscape. Over time, conflicts between the Mughals and Sikh Gurus led to the militarization of Sikhs. This culminated in the formation of the Sikh Empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1801, uniting the region.

Post-independence in 1947, Punjab’s faced partition along religious lines, leading to mass migrations and communal violence. The reorganization of Punjab in 1966 based on linguistic demographics resulted in the carving out of Haryana and parts of Himachal Pradesh. Punjab is renowned for its vibrant culture, music, dance forms like Bhangra and Gidda, and festivals such as Lohri, Baisakhi, and Guru Parabs. The state’s cuisine, including dishes like Makki di Roti and Sarson da Saag, has gained international fame.

Punjab’s cinema and music contribute significantly to India’s entertainment industry, while religious and historical landmarks like the Golden Temple in Amritsar and Jallianwala Bagh attract millions of visitors annually.

Punjab’s boasts a gross domestic product (GDP) of ₹8.02 trillion (US$96 billion), ranking it as the 15th-largest state economy in India. With a per capita GDP of ₹264,000 (US$3,200), it stands 17th in the country. Agriculture forms the backbone of Punjab’s economy, earning it the title of India’s breadbasket. The Green Revolution of the 1960s transformed the state’s agricultural productivity, particularly in the production of wheat and rice.

Other sectors like manufacturing, tourism, and services are also contributing to economic growth. The state ranks ninth on India’s Human Development Index (HDI).

Ancient Period: The Birthplace of Civilizations

The Punjab’s region stands as one of the most historically significant areas in the world, serving as the cradle of ancient civilizations. This land was the hub of the Indus Valley Civilization, which thrived between 3000 B.C. and 2000 B.C. Known for its advanced urban planning, trade networks, and script, the civilization is considered one of the earliest examples of human innovation and societal organization.

Following the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization, the region saw the arrival of Indo-Aryan migrations around 1500 B.C. to 500 B.C. These migrations reshaped the demographic and cultural landscape of Punjab, giving rise to various tribal kingdoms and the famed Mahajanapadas. Punjab’s association with the Mahabharata epic further underlines its historical importance. The great battles narrated in the text are believed to have occurred in the region, involving tribes like the Gandharas, Kambojas, and Trigartas.

The Rigveda, one of Hinduism’s oldest and most revered texts, was composed in this region. It reveals insights into the socio-religious practices of the time, with Indra being a central deity worshipped. This period laid the foundation for the Vedic culture, which influenced not only Punjab’s but also the entire Indian subcontinent.

The Battle of the Hydaspes (326 B.C.), fought between King Porus and Alexander the Great, is another milestone in Punjab’s ancient history. Despite his defeat, Porus earned Alexander’s respect and retained his throne, symbolizing the resilience and dignity of Punjab’s rulers. Alexander’s conquest brought Hellenistic influences on the region, evident in Greco-Buddhist art, which continued to inspire subsequent generations.

Medieval Period: The Era of Faith and Conquests

During the 8th century, the advent of Islam brought a new cultural and religious dimension to Punjab. Arab invasions introduced Islamic traditions and governance, paving the way for centuries of rule by various dynasties. The Hindu Shahi Dynasty emerged in the 9th century, marking a brief period of local Hindu resurgence. However, it was overthrown by the Ghaznavids in the 10th century, who ruled the region for over 150 years.

The rise of Sikhism in the late 15th century marked a profound shift in Punjab’s history. Founded by Guru Nanak, Sikhism emerged as a faith that promoted equality, tolerance, and spirituality. Over time, Sikhism became a unifying force in Punjab’s, influencing its social and political landscape.

The Mughal Empire further shaped Punjab’s destiny, particularly through its interaction with the Sikh Gurus. The execution of Guru Arjan Dev and Guru Tegh Bahadur by Mughal rulers sparked resistance among Sikhs, leading to the formation of the Khalsa under Guru Gobind Singh in 1699. This order transformed Sikhs into warrior-saints, committed to defending religious freedom.

Modern Period: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire

The decline of the Mughals and the weakening of Afghan rulers allowed the Sikhs to assert their dominance. In 1799, under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Sikh Empire was established. At its peak, the empire stretched from the Khyber Pass in the west to Tibet in the east. Lahore served as its capital, symbolizing Punjab’s significance as a cultural and political hub.

Ranjit Singh’s reign was marked by progressive policies, including secular governance and modernization of the military. The Sikh Empire remained a stronghold of resistance against colonial powers until its eventual defeat in the Second Anglo-Sikh War (1849). The British annexed Punjab, marking the end of an independent Sikh rule.

Colonial Period: Transformations Under British Rule

The British annexation of Punjab’s in 1849 brought significant changes to the region. While the British introduced administrative reforms, railways, and canal systems, they also exploited Punjab’s resources. The Canal Colonies, in particular, revolutionized agriculture, making Punjab the breadbasket of India.

Despite these developments, the colonial period was marred by exploitation and repression. The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919) in Amritsar became a turning point, igniting the flame of independence among Indians. Punjab’s role in the Indian freedom struggle was significant, with both communal and secular movements vying for influence.

The partition of India and Pakistan in 1947 led to one of the most tragic episodes in Punjab’s history. The division triggered mass migrations, communal violence, and the displacement of millions. However, Punjab emerged resilient, rebuilding itself post-independence.

Post-Colonial Era

During the colonial era, the various districts and princely states that made up Punjab’s Province were religiously eclectic, each containing significant populations of Punjabi Muslims, Punjabi Hindus, Punjabi Sikhs, Punjabi Christians, along with other ethnic and religious minorities. However, a major consequence of independence and the partition of Punjab’s Province in 1947 was the sudden shift towards religious homogeneity across all districts, owing to the new international border that divided the region.

The demographic shift was evident when comparing decadal census data from 1941 and 1951, primarily due to wide-scale migration and large-scale religious cleansing riots witnessed at the time. According to historical demographer Tim Dyson, in the eastern regions of Punjab’s (which became Indian Punjab), districts that were 66% Hindu in 1941 became 80% Hindu in 1951, and those that were 20% Sikh became 50% Sikh. Conversely, in the western regions of Punjab (which became Pakistani Punjab), all districts became almost exclusively Muslim by 1951.

The Wagah Border, situated between Amritsar and Lahore, became the main border crossing after the partition of Punjab and is known for its elaborate ceremony.

Following independence, several small Punjab’s princely states, including Patiala, acceded to the Union of India and were united into the PEPSU (Patiala and East Punjab States Union). In 1956, this was integrated with the state of East Punjab to create a new, enlarged Indian state called simply “Punjab”. Punjab Day is celebrated across the state on 1 November every year, marking the formation of a Punjab’s language-speaking state under the Punjab Reorganization Act (1966).

In 1966, following demands from Hindu and Sikh Punjabis, the Indian government divided Punjab into the state of Punjab and the Hindi-majority-speaking states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.

Agricultural Transformation and Economic Discontent

During the 1960s, Punjab’s was known for its prosperity within India, largely due to its fertile lands and industrious inhabitants. However, a significant portion of the Sikh community felt a sense of disparity with the central government. A primary issue was the distribution of water from the trio of rivers—Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej—flowing through the region.

Despite having these rivers, Punjab’s was lawfully granted only 24% of the water, while 76% was allocated to Rajasthan and Haryana, as per the Inter-State Water Disputes Act. To many Punjabis, especially farmers, this allocation seemed inequitable.

The Green Revolution of the 1960s further transformed Punjab. It introduced high-yield seed varieties, fertilizers, and advanced irrigation techniques, making Punjab’s known as India’s “food basket”. However, the financial gains were not fairly distributed.

• Large landowners benefited the most due to their ability to adopt new technologies.
• Small farmers and laborers struggled, often forced to sell their lands.
• This uneven wealth distribution conflicted with Sikh religious values advocating economic justice.

Challenges of the Green Revolution

The Green Revolution resulted in:

• Economic disparity between large landowners and small farmers.
• Neglect of the industrial sector, leaving Punjab’s heavily reliant on agriculture.
• Rising costs of fertilizers and pesticides, further straining small and medium-scale farmers.
• Environmental degradation, including:
  • Groundwater depletion.
  • Soil degradation due to overuse of chemical fertilizers.

Insurgency and Violence (1981–1995)

From 1981 to 1995, Punjab’s suffered a 14-year-long insurgency due to disputes between Punjabi Sikhs and the central government.
Key events include:

• Operation Blue Star (1984): An Indian Army operation targeting dissident Sikh groups.
• The assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi by her Sikh bodyguards, triggering widespread inter-communal violence.
• Accusations of genocide against the Sikh community by the Indian government.

Geography of Punjab’s

Punjab is a land of rich geographical diversity, located in northwestern India, covering an area of 50,362 square kilometers (19,445 sq mi). It shares its borders with Pakistan’s Punjab’s province to the west, Jammu and Kashmir to the north, Himachal Pradesh to the northeast, and Haryana and Rajasthan to the south. The state is characterized by fertile alluvial plains enriched by perennial rivers and an extensive irrigation system. A belt of undulating hills marks its northeastern boundary, at the foothills of the Himalayas.

The state’s average elevation is 300 meters (980 ft) above sea level, ranging from 180 meters (590 ft) in the southwest to more than 500 meters (1,600 ft) near the northeast border. Southwestern Punjab’s transitions into semi-arid zones, eventually merging with the Thar Desert. Three major rivers—Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi—flow through Punjab, with the Sutlej and Ravi forming parts of the international border with Pakistan.

Soil Types and Seismic Zones

Punjab’s soils are classified into three regions based on topography, climate, and vegetation:

1. Southwestern region – Semi-arid soils.
2. Central region – Fertile alluvial plains.
3. Eastern region – Hilly terrains.

The state falls under seismic zones II, III, and IV, ranging from low-damage risk to high-damage risk zones, highlighting the region’s susceptibility to seismic activities.

Climate of Punjab

Punjab’s subtropical geography brings wide temperature variations across seasons. The state experiences:

• Hot summers with temperatures soaring above 40°C (104°F), peaking in May and June. Cities like Ludhiana and Amritsar have recorded highs of 46.1°C (115°F).
• Cold winters, especially in December and January, with temperatures dropping below 0°C (32°F) in some regions. Amritsar holds the record for the lowest temperature at 0.2°C (32.4°F).

The average annual temperature in Punjab’s is approximately 21°C (70°F), with mean monthly variations ranging from 9°C (48°F) in winter to 18°C (64°F) in autumn. Rainfall patterns, largely influenced by the monsoon, bring significant precipitation during July and August.

Rainfall and Humidity

• Punjab receives an average annual rainfall of 689.2 mm (27.13 inches), with July and August being the wettest months.
• Humidity levels vary from a high of 70% in monsoon months to as low as 26% during summer.

Weather Extremes

Amritsar Weather Data:

• Record High Temperature: 48°C (118.4°F)
• Record Low Temperature: -3.6°C (25.5°F)
• Average Annual Rainfall: 689.2 mm (27.13 inches)

Ludhiana Weather Data:

• Record High Temperature: 48.3°C (118.9°F)
• Record Low Temperature: -2.2°C (28°F)
• Average Annual Rainfall: 791.1 mm (31.15 inches)

Punjab’s weather patterns reflect its dynamic geography and subtropical positioning, shaping its agricultural economy and living conditions. Fertile plains, coupled with favorable climatic conditions, have made Punjab the breadbasket of India, vital for food grain production.

Seasons in Punjab

Punjab experiences three distinct main seasons: Summer, Monsoon, and Winter, along with two transitional seasons that bridge these primary periods.

1. Summer (Mid-April to End of June)

Summer in Punjab begins in mid-April and lasts until the end of August, with temperatures peaking between 40°C and 47°C from May to August. The region also sees atmospheric pressure variations during these months, with pressure decreasing from 987 millibar in February to 970 millibar in June.

2. Monsoon (Early July to End of September)

The monsoon season in Punjab begins in early July with rains brought by the monsoon currents from the Bay of Bengal. The rains continue until the end of September, offering relief from the intense summer heat.

3. Post-Monsoon Transitional Season (September to End of November)

As the monsoon season winds down by mid-September, Punjab enters the post-monsoon transitional season. This period sees moderate and dry weather, typically extending from October to November.

4. Winter (Early December to End of February)

Winter in Punjab is relatively mild, with January experiencing minimal temperature variations. The average temperatures during winter hover around 5°C (41°F) at night and 12°C (54°F) during the day.

5. Post-Winter Transitional Season (Early March to Mid-April)

The post-winter transitional season marks the gradual shift from winter to summer. The region can experience occasional hailstorms and squalls, which sometimes damage crops. Dry and warm winds signal the onset of the harvest period in the last week of March.

Rainfall

Monsoon Rainfall

The majority of rainfall in Punjab occurs during the monsoon season. The monsoon current, arriving from the Bay of Bengal, begins in July and continues into September.

Winter Rainfall

Although the winter months are cool with temperatures occasionally falling below freezing, some rainfall during this period is crucial for the Shivalik Hills and other agricultural regions. The sub-Shivalik area receives over 100 millimeters of rain each winter.

Wildlife and Agriculture in Punjab

Punjab’s fauna and agriculture reflect the region’s diverse landscape and rich environmental heritage.

Fauna

Punjab is home to a variety of wildlife species, including:

• 396 species of birds, including those in its wetland areas.
• 20 species of reptiles and 19 species of mammals.
• The state has wetlands like Hari-Ke-Pattan, Kanjli, and Kapurthala Sutlej, which support diverse birdlife. Wildlife sanctuaries, such as Harike, Chhatbir Bansar, and Aam Khas Bagh, also protect endangered species.
• Some notable wildlife species include the Indus River Dolphin and crocodiles in rivers like the Beas.

Flora

Punjab has limited forest cover, with only 3.6% of the state under forest area. During the Green Revolution, forests were cleared for agriculture, but efforts are underway by NGOs to promote afforestation and reforestation. One such initiative is the Eco Sikh movement, which has planted over 100 forests using the Miyawaki method. This approach aims to preserve native plant species and restore ecological balance.

Agricultural Practices in Punjab

Punjab is known for its agriculture, particularly wheat and rice cultivation, contributing significantly to India’s food production. Despite its limited forest cover, agriculture dominates the state’s economy. The fertile lands, especially in the Shivalik Hills, rely heavily on both monsoon and winter rains to support crop growth, such as barley, pulses, and sugarcane.

State Symbolism

Punjab has several key symbols that represent its rich biodiversity and cultural heritage:

• State bird: The northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis).
• State animal: The blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra).
• State aquatic animal: The Indus River dolphin (Platanista minor).
• State tree: The shisham (Dalbergia sissoo).

Demographics of Punjab

Punjab, located in the north-western part of India, is the 16th most populous state in the country. As of the 2011 Census, Punjab’s population stands at 27.74 million, with a population density of 551 persons per square kilometer. The state’s population growth rate in the last decade was 13.9%, lower than the national average.

Population Growth Over the Years

• 1881: 6,607,699
• 1901: 7,679,645 (+16.2%)
• 1911: 6,830,507 (-11.1%)
• 1921: 7,262,881 (+6.3%)
• 1931: 8,123,076 (+11.8%)
• 1941: 9,757,161 (+20.1%)
• 1951: 9,160,500 (-6.1%)
• 1961: 11,135,069 (+21.6%)
• 1971: 13,551,060 (+21.7%)
• 1981: 16,788,915 (+23.9%)
• 1991: 20,281,969 (+20.8%)
• 2001: 24,358,999 (+20.1%)
• 2011: 27,743,338 (+13.9%)

As of the 2011 Census, Punjab accounts for 2.3% of India’s total population, with a sex ratio of 895 females per 1,000 males, which is lower than the national average of 940 females per 1,000 males. The state’s population growth rate was 13.9% between 2001 and 2011.

Urban vs. Rural Population

About 37.5% of Punjab’s population lives in urban areas, while 62.5% resides in rural areas. This is a significant shift compared to the previous decades, with the urban population having grown by 37.5% from 2001 to 2011.

Urban and Rural Population Over the Years:

• 2011: Rural – 17.32 million, Urban – 10.3 million
• 2001: Rural – 16.1 million, Urban – 8.26 million
• 1991: Rural – 14.29 million, Urban – 5.99 million
• 1981: Rural – 12.14 million, Urban – 4.65 million
• 1971: Rural – 10.33 million, Urban – 3.22 million

The state’s urban population has grown significantly, from 33.92% in 2001 to 37.49% in 2011. However, the rural population remains a majority.

Population Density by Year:

• 2011: 551 persons/km²
• 2001: 484 persons/km²
• 1991: 403 persons/km²
• 1981: 333 persons/km²

The increasing population density, especially in Ludhiana (978 persons/km²), Amritsar (928 persons/km²), and SAS Nagar (909 persons/km²), reflects the growing urbanization in the state.

Sex Ratio in Punjab

The sex ratio of Punjab has shown a consistent decline. In 2011, the ratio was 895 females per 1,000 males, which is below the national average of 940. However, the state government, under the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP), announced an initiative in June 2023 to provide ₹6,000 to women on the birth of a second girl child in an effort to improve the gender balance.

Sex Ratio by District (2011 Census):

• Hoshiarpur: 961 females per 1,000 males
• Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar: 954 females per 1,000 males
• Jalandhar: 915 females per 1,000 males
• Rupnagar: 915 females per 1,000 males
• Kapurthala: 912 females per 1,000 males

Other districts, such as Ludhiana, Bathinda, and Fatihah Sahib, have relatively lower sex ratios, indicating the ongoing challenges in achieving gender balance across the state.

Literacy in Punjab

As of the 2011 Census, Punjab has a literacy rate of 75.84%, which is slightly above the national average of 74.04%. The male literacy rate stands at 80.4%, while the female literacy rate is 70.7%. In total, 18,707,137 people in Punjab are literate, with 10,436,056 males and 8,271,081 females contributing to this figure.

The median years of schooling completed by individuals in Punjab as of 2011 was 7.8 years for males and 6.5 years for females, indicating a gender disparity in educational attainment.

Literacy Rate by District (2011 Census)

The literacy rates in various districts of Punjab in 2011 showed a marked difference:

• Hoshiarpur: 84.59%
• Mohali: 83.80%
• Jalandhar: 82.48%
• Ludhiana: 82.20%
• Rupnagar: 82.19%
• Gurdaspur: 79.95%
• Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar: 79.78%
• Fatehgarh Sahib: 79.35%
• Kapurthala: 79.07%
• Amritsar: 76.27%
• Patiala: 75.28%
• Moga: 70.68%
• Faridkot: 69.55%
• Firozpur: 68.92%
• Bathinda: 68.28%
• Sangrur: 67.99%
• Barnali: 67.82%
• Tarn Taran: 67.81%
• Muktsar: 65.81%
• Mansa: 61.83%

Hoshiarpur, Mohali, and Jalandhar lead the state in literacy, while districts like Mansa and Muktsar report relatively lower rates.

Language in Punjab

Punjabi is the official and native language of Punjab. As of the 2011 Census, 89.8% of the population speaks Punjabi as their first language. This translates to approximately 24.9 million people. Hindi is spoken by 7.9% of the population, and other languages, such as Bagri, are spoken by about 2.3% of people in the state.

Language Distribution:

• Punjabi: 89.8%
• Hindi: 7.9%
• Others: 2.3%

Caste Composition in Punjab

According to the 2011 Census, Punjab’s population is predominantly divided into the following caste categories:

• Scheduled Castes (SC): 31.9% of the population
• Upper Castes (UC): 30%
• Other Backward Classes (OBC): 31.3%
• Religious Minorities: 3.8%
• Rai Sikhs: 3%

The state’s Scheduled Castes (SC) population has grown at a rate of 26.06% from 2001 to 2011, which is higher than the state’s overall growth rate of 13.89%. Despite comprising 31.9% of the population, SCs account for 4.3% of the total SC population in India.

SC Population by District (2011 Census):

• Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar: 42.51%
• Muktsar: 42.31%
• Fazilka: 42.27%
• Firozpur: 42.07%
• Jalandhar: 38.95%
• Faridkot: 38.92%
• Moga: 36.50%
• Hoshiarpur: 35.14%
• Kapurthala: 33.94%
• Tarn Taran: 33.71%

Socioeconomic Disparities and Challenges

Despite improvements in literacy rates, there are notable socio-economic disparities within the state. Scheduled Castes (SC) face challenges in health and education. The infant mortality rate for SCs is 40 per 1,000 live births, which is higher than the state’s average of 29. Additionally, anemia is prevalent among SC populations, with 56.9% of women aged 15–49 and 60% of children between 6–59 months affected, compared to the state average of 53.5% and 56.9% respectively.

Religion in Punjab

Punjab is a state with a rich and diverse religious history, with its most significant religious group being Sikhs, who make up 57.7% of the population. Hindus are the second largest religious group in Punjab, forming 38.5% of the population, primarily concentrated in the Doaba region. Smaller religious minorities include Muslims, who account for 1.9% of the population, and Christians (1.3%), Jains (0.2%), and Buddhists (0.1%), each with distinct communities spread across the state.

Sikhism is the dominant religion in the state, with 16 million Sikhs residing here. This makes Punjab the only state in India where Sikhs form a majority. The Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib) in Amritsar is the holiest Sikh Gurdwara and one of the most significant spiritual and cultural sites for Sikhs worldwide. The Sri Akal Takht Sahib, located within the Golden Temple complex, serves as the highest temporal seat of Sikh religious authority.

Religious Diversity

• Sikhism: Sikhs make up 57.69% of the state’s population. The religion has deep roots in Punjab and is integral to the region’s cultural identity. There are several sacred places for Sikhs in the state, including Sri Akal Takht Sahib, Damdama Sahib, and Anandpur Sahib, which are among the five Takhts (temporal seats) of Sikhism. Many villages in Punjab have at least one Gurdwara, reflecting the widespread practice of Sikhism.
• Hinduism: Hindus represent 38.49% of Punjab’s population. Hindu temples, including the Shri Durgiana Mandir in Amritsar and the Shri Devi Talab Mandir in Jalandhar, are key places of worship. Some Punjabi Hindus follow syncretic religious traditions, venerated by both Hindus and Sikhs, including reverence for Sikh Gurus and visits to Sikh Gurdwaras alongside Hindu temples.
• Islam: Islam is followed by 1.93% of the population, mostly concentrated in areas like Malerkotla and Qadian. While the Muslim community is small, it has contributed significantly to the cultural and historical fabric of Punjab.
• Christianity: Christians form 1.26% of Punjab’s population, with a presence mainly in the form of small churches and institutions.
• Other Religions: Smaller communities of Jainism (0.16%), Buddhism (0.12%), and other minority groups also reside in the state, adding to its religious diversity.

Religious Composition Over Time

The table below shows the evolution of religious demographics from 1881 to 2011:

Religious Group	1881	2011
Sikhism	19.84%	57.69%
Hinduism	42.98%	38.49%
Islam	36.94%	1.93%
Christianity	0.08%	1.26%
Jainism	0.16%	0.16%
Buddhism	0%	0.12%

This shift highlights the growing influence of Sikhism, which has significantly surpassed other religions in terms of population percentage.

Literacy and Religion

As per the 2001 census, the literacy rate by religion in Punjab shows disparities:

• Jains have the highest literacy rate at 95.9%.
• Hindus follow with a literacy rate of 74.6%.
• Sikhs had a literacy rate of 67.3%.
• Muslims had the lowest literacy rate at 51.2%.

Religious Shrines and Pilgrimage Sites

Punjab is home to several religious shrines, reflecting its cultural and spiritual diversity. The Golden Temple in Amritsar is not just a place of worship but a symbol of the global Sikh community.

Additionally, the Durgiana Temple and Devi Talab Temple in Amritsar and Jalandhar respectively attract Hindu devotees. Pilgrimages are common in the region, where people of various faiths visit these religious sites to seek spiritual solace.

Government and Politics of Punjab

Punjab follows a parliamentary system of representative democracy. As with all Indian states, Punjab has a ceremonial state Governor, who is appointed by the President of India on the recommendation of the central government. The Chief Minister, who is indirectly elected, holds the majority of the executive powers. The term for the state government is five years. The legislature of the state is the Vidhan Sabha, a unicameral body with 117 members elected from single-seat constituencies.

The capital city of Punjab is Chandigarh, which also serves as the capital of Haryana and is a Union Territory administered separately. The judicial branch of the state government operates through the Punjab and Haryana High Court in Chandigarh.

Major Political Parties

The major political parties in Punjab include:

1. Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) – A centrist to left-wing party that has gained significant influence in the state.
2. Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) – A Sikh right-wing party that advocates for the promotion of Punjabiyat (Punjabi identity).
3. Indian National Congress (INC) – A centrist, catch-all party that has been influential in Punjab’s political landscape.

Punjab has experienced President’s Rule on eight occasions since 1950, mostly due to political instability, especially during the 1980s, when militancy was at its peak. The state was under President’s Rule for five continuous years from 1987 to 1992.

Law and Order

The law and order in Punjab are maintained by the Punjab Police, which is headed by the Director General of Police (DGP). As of now, Dinkar Gupta serves as the DGP, overseeing around 70,000 employees. The police force is divided into districts, each led by a Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP).

Administrative Divisions

Punjab is divided into 23 districts, which are geographically classified into Majha, Malwa, Doaba, and Puadh regions. These regions include:

• Majha (4 districts): Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Pathankot, Tarn Taran.
• Doaba (4 districts): Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar, Kapurthala, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar.
• Malwa (12 districts): Barnala, Bathinda, Firozpur, Fazilka, Faridkot, Ludhiana, Moga, Malerkotla, Mansa, Sri Muktsar Sahib, Patiala, Sangrur.
• Puadh (3 districts): SAS Nagar (Mohali), Rupnagar, Fatehgarh Sahib.

These districts are further grouped into five administrative divisions: Faridkot, Ferozepur, Jalandhar, Patiala, and Ropar (the latter created on December 31, 2010, previously part of the Patiala Division).

Each district is under the supervision of a District Collector, and the districts are subdivided into 93 tehsils, each headed by a Tehsildar. The tehsils are further divided into 150 blocks, which consist of Revenue Villages (a total of 12,278). Additionally, 23 Zila Parishads, 136 Municipal Committees, and 22 Improvement Trusts oversee 143 towns and 14 cities.

Urbanization and Major Cities

The capital city of Chandigarh is a Union Territory and shared with Haryana, while Ludhiana is the largest city in the state. Approximately 37.48% of Punjab’s population resides in urban areas. The total urban population is 10,399,146, with 5,545,989 males and 4,853,157 females. The urban population has increased by 37.48% over the last decade.

The major cities in Punjab include:

• Ludhiana
• Amritsar
• Jalandhar
• Mohali
• Patiala
• Bathinda

These cities are important for commerce, culture, and politics in Punjab.

Economy of Punjab

Punjab has a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of ₹5.42 trillion (US$65 billion), and it is known as one of the most fertile regions in India. The state plays a pivotal role in Indian agriculture, often referred to as the “Granary of India” or “India’s breadbasket”. Punjab is a major producer of wheat, rice, cotton, sugarcane, and fruits and vegetables. The state contributes 10.26% of India’s cotton, 19.5% of India’s wheat, and 11% of India’s rice. Firozpur and Fazilka districts are among the largest producers of wheat and rice in Punjab. On the global stage, Punjab accounts for 2% of the world’s cotton, 2% of its wheat, and 1% of its rice.

However, despite its initial success, the state has experienced slower growth compared to other regions of India. Punjab ranked first in GDP per capita among Indian states in 1981, but by 2001, it had dropped to fourth. Between 2000 and 2010, the state recorded the second-slowest GDP per capita growth rate in India, trailing only behind Manipur.

Agriculture

Agriculture forms the backbone of Punjab’s economy, driven by fertile soil, abundant water sources, and extensive irrigation systems. Following the Green Revolution, agriculture flourished in Punjab, particularly the cultivation of wheat. Other key crops include rice, cotton, sugarcane, pearl millet, maize, and barley. The practice of double-cropping (growing rice and wheat in the same season) is common, although it has led to environmental concerns, such as pollution from burning rice stalks.

Despite only covering 1.53% of India’s geographical area, Punjab contributes significantly to the nation’s agricultural output. The state produces 15-20% of India’s wheat, 12% of its rice, and 5% of its milk. The agricultural land in Punjab is predominantly owned by the Jat Sikh community, despite this group forming just 21% of the population.

However, overuse of fertilizers and pesticides has led to a decrease in soil fertility. The water table is also dropping at an alarming rate, threatening agricultural sustainability. The state faces challenges such as rapidly depleting groundwater resources, with some estimates suggesting the water table is declining by more than a meter each year.

Industries

Punjab also boasts a diverse industrial base. Apart from agriculture, manufacturing contributes significantly to the state’s economy. Key industries include the production of scientific instruments, agricultural goods, machine tools, textiles, sports goods, sewing machines, fertilizers, and bicycles. The state is particularly famous for steel rolling mills, with Mandi Gobindgarh in the Fatehgarh Sahib district earning the title of Steel Town due to its concentration of steel production.

Remittances from Punjab’s large diaspora, which numbers around 3 million people primarily settled in the United Kingdom, United States, and Canada, are a significant source of income for the state. These remittances contribute billions of dollars to the economy annually.

Transport Infrastructure

Punjab’s transport network is well-developed, comprising roadways, railways, and airways.

Air

The Sri Guru Ram Dass Ji International Airport in Amritsar is the primary hub, offering international connectivity to cities such as London, Dubai, and Singapore. Punjab has six civil airports, including two international airports: Amritsar International Airport and Chandigarh Airport (Mohali). Additionally, there are four domestic airports: Bathinda Airport, Pathankot Airport, Adampur Airport (Jalandhar), and Ludhiana Airport.

Railways

The state is well-connected by the Indian Railways network, particularly the Northern Railway line, which links most of the major towns and cities. Amritsar Junction is the busiest railway station in Punjab, while Bathinda Junction holds the record for having the maximum number of railway lines in a single junction in Asia. Shatabdi Express, one of the fastest trains in India, connects Amritsar to New Delhi, covering a distance of 449 km. Amritsar is also included in Indian Railways’ list of world-class railway stations.

Hyperloop

Punjab is exploring innovative transportation options. The state government has signed a memorandum of understanding with Virgin Hyperloop One to evaluate the feasibility of an Hyperloop between Amritsar and Chandigarh, potentially reducing travel time between the two cities from five hours by road to less than 30 minutes.

Roads

Punjab has an extensive network of four-lane national highways. The Grand Trunk Road (NH1) passes through Amritsar and Jalandhar, connecting Kolkata to Peshawar. National highways passing through Punjab are considered among the best in India. Additionally, several expressways are under construction, including:

• Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway
• Amritsar–Jamnagar Expressway
• Pathankot–Ajmer Expressway

These expressways will further enhance connectivity within the state and beyond.

Urban Rapid Transit

In Amritsar, the Amritsar BRTS (Bus Rapid Transit System), also known as Amritsar MetroBus, has been developed to improve urban mobility.

In summary, Punjab’s economy is driven by agriculture, supported by a growing industrial base and a robust transport infrastructure. Despite facing challenges such as soil degradation and water scarcity, Punjab remains a vital contributor to India’s agricultural and industrial sectors.

Education

Punjab has a robust educational framework, with a wide range of primary, secondary, and higher education institutions catering to a large student population. The state is home to 23 universities, including both private and state-run institutions, and many notable colleges across various fields, contributing significantly to India’s educational landscape.

Schools and Primary Education

Primary and secondary education in Punjab is governed by the Punjab School Education Board (PSEB), which oversees the curriculum, examinations, and certification for students. It is mandatory for students in Punjab to learn and write in Punjabi until matriculation. Failing to comply with this rule can result in fines or cancellation of the school’s license.

In 2017, the teacher-to-pupil ratio for classes 1 to 5 varied across districts, with Hoshiarpur having the best ratio at 15:1 and Taran Taran the highest at 46:1. The state also had varying school populations, with Ludhiana having the highest average population per school (3,770 students), and districts like SBS Nagar and Fatehgarh Sahib having much lower averages of around 2,200–2,400 students per school.

Higher Education Institutions

Punjab boasts an array of higher education institutions, with Punjab Agricultural University being globally recognized for its contributions to agriculture, particularly during India’s Green Revolution. The state is also home to Panjab University in Chandigarh, which has produced prominent alumni, including Manmohan Singh, the former Prime Minister of India, and Har Gobind Khorana, a Nobel laureate in biochemistry. Another prestigious institution is the Christian Medical College in Ludhiana, one of the oldest medical colleges in India, founded in 1894.

Punjab’s higher education system also features a strong focus on technical and professional courses, with 104,000 engineering seats available. The state has universities in various fields, including engineering, law, medicine, and business. It is also gaining recognition in fields like yoga and naturopathy, with institutions such as the Board of Naturopathy and Yoga Science (BNYS) gaining popularity.

Gender Disparity in Education

Despite progress, there remains a significant gender gap in education, particularly in rural areas. Among students enrolled in grades 5 to 8, only 44% are female, indicating a need for further efforts to increase female participation in education. This disparity is more evident in rural areas where traditional gender roles and economic factors may limit access to education for girls.

Notable Colleges and Universities

Some prominent universities and institutions in Punjab include:

• Guru Nanak Dev University in Amritsar, known for its comprehensive range of undergraduate and postgraduate courses.
• Punjabi University in Patiala, a well-regarded institution for arts, science, and humanities.
• Khalsa College in Amritsar, a historic institution that offers a wide range of courses.

Health in Punjab, India

According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data from 2015–16, the rate of stunting (low height for age) for children between 0–59 months was 26%, which was significantly lower than the national average of 38%. However, the prevalence of anemia among children aged 0–57 months was quite high, with 56.6% affected in Punjab as of 2015-16. This number worsened in the 2020-21 survey, where the anemia rate increased to 71.1%.

The 2020-21 NFHS data also revealed concerning trends regarding alcohol and tobacco consumption in Punjab. The percentage of people above the age of 15 who consume alcohol was 22.8% for men and 0.3% for women. The rate of tobacco usage stood at 12.9% for men and 0.4% for women. Regarding obesity, 32.2% of males and 40.8% of females between the ages of 15-49 were found to be overweight or obese in 2020-21, an increase from 27.8% for men and 31.3% for women in 2015-16. Furthermore, the survey found that 63.1% of men and 72.8% of women in the state had a high-risk waist-to-hip ratio.

Healthcare Workforce

Punjab has a significant number of registered medical personnel, although the distribution varies across districts. The table below shows the number of registered doctors, nurses, and midwives in the year 2018, highlighting the disparity in healthcare availability across regions.

District-wise number of registered doctors and medical personnel in Punjab, 2018:

• Ludhiana: 4,989 doctors, 10,904 nurses, 8,121 midwives
• Amritsar: 4,141 doctors, 6,531 nurses, 4,018 midwives
• Patiala: 3,935 doctors, 3,279 nurses, 1,963 midwives
• Jalandhar: 3,268 doctors, 5,119 nurses, 4,081 midwives
• Hoshiarpur: 1,640 doctors, 3,944 nurses, 2,806 midwives
• Sangrur: 1,286 doctors, 2,567 nurses, 3,374 midwives

The total number of registered doctors in Punjab is 29,772, with a total of 77,182 nurses and 56,782 midwives.

Population Served per Healthcare Professional

The population served per healthcare professional also varies by district, with Faridkot having the best ratio of doctors to population at 499, while Tarn Taran had the worst ratio at 15,210 people per doctor.

Population served per doctor (2018):

• Faridkot: 499 people per doctor
• Patiala: 551 people per doctor
• Amritsar: 661 people per doctor
• Jalandhar: 729 people per doctor
• Ludhiana: 780 people per doctor
• Rupnagar: 844 people per doctor

Healthcare Infrastructure

The availability of hospital beds in Punjab shows significant variation between districts. For instance, Faridkot serves 800 people per bed, while Ludhiana has a higher population served per bed at 2,397.

Population served per bed (2018):

• Faridkot: 800 people per bed
• Amritsar: 822 people per bed
• Patiala: 941 people per bed
• Hoshiarpur: 1,051 people per bed
• SBS Nagar: 1,101 people per bed

Challenges and Developments

Despite Punjab’s large number of medical professionals, there are still significant challenges in rural healthcare accessibility. The state has seen a rise in chronic diseases such as obesity, and urbanization has led to lifestyle changes contributing to these trends. On the other hand, the increasing availability of healthcare professionals in cities like Ludhiana and Amritsar has bolstered the healthcare sector’s capacity to provide services to a growing population.

Media and Public Health Awareness

Punjab’s media, including newspapers like Daily Ajit, Jagbani, and Punjabi Tribune, along with TV channels like PTC Punjabi and Zee Punjabi, plays a significant role in spreading public health information. These outlets often cover health-related issues, including disease prevention, the importance of healthy lifestyle choices, and the availability of health services across the state. Public health campaigns, especially those related to maternal and child health, are commonly broadcasted, aiming to address prevalent health issues like anemia and obesity.

The increasing use of FM radio channels in cities like Jalandhar and Patiala has further helped in raising awareness on these issues, with many radio stations providing vital health information to listeners. Government-run stations like All India Radio, Jalandhar and FM Gold Ludhiana also support these initiatives.

Culture of Punjab

Punjab’s culture is deeply rooted in its history and heritage, characterized by vibrant traditions, music, dance, art, cuisine, and festivals. A combination of historical influences and modern-day developments has shaped the region into a cultural hub. Here’s an overview of some of the key cultural aspects:

Punjabi Jutti and Traditional Clothing

Punjabi attire, especially the Punjabi Jutti (traditional shoes), holds significant cultural importance. The Jutti is often intricately embroidered and is worn during various occasions such as weddings, festivals, and religious ceremonies. The traditional clothing of Punjab includes the Kurta and Salwar for men and women, while women also wear the Dupatta as a head covering.

Bhangra Dance and Music

Bhangra, the energetic and colorful dance form, originated from the farming communities of Punjab to celebrate the harvest. It involves rhythmic clapping, vigorous foot movements, and the use of traditional musical instruments like the dhol. Over the years, Bhangra has evolved, gaining international recognition, particularly in Western countries, where it is performed in various forms from traditional to fusion styles.

Folk Traditions and Storytelling

The Punjabi folk tradition is rich in storytelling, where kissa (folk tales) serve as a means to preserve history, culture, and lessons. Famous folk tales include Heer Ranjha, Mirza Sahiban, and Sohni Mahiwal, which have been passed down through generations. The Punjabi language, with its various dialects like Majhi, Malwai, and Doabi, is integral to the region’s folklore and literature.

Punjabi Literature

Punjabi literature is predominantly in verse form, with the use of Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts. Notable works include the writings of famous poets and saints like Guru Nanak, Baba Farid, and Waris Shah, whose compositions reflect spirituality, love, and valor.

Sufi Music and Classical Traditions

The music of Punjab encompasses a range of styles, from folk to classical, and is often centered around devotional and spiritual themes. Sufi music is particularly popular, with its melodies expressing deep mysticism. Classical forms such as Gharanas (schools of music) from Punjab, especially the Patiala Gharana, continue to influence contemporary music.

Punjabi Cuisine

Punjabi cuisine is characterized by hearty, flavorful dishes, often prepared with generous amounts of ghee and butter. Signature dishes like Sarson da Saag, Makki di Roti, and Tandoori chicken are famous worldwide. Punjabi cuisine is also known for its rich array of vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes, with some being specific to the region, such as Shami kebabs and Aloo Tikki.

Festivals and Traditions

Punjabis celebrate numerous festivals that reflect their rich cultural diversity. Festivals like Lohri, Baisakhi, Teeyan, and Basant are celebrated with much fanfare, marking important seasonal and agricultural events. These festivals are often accompanied by folk music, dance, and a variety of traditional foods.

The Sikh religion also has its unique festivals, such as Gurpurb and Hola Mohalla, which celebrate the birth and martyrdom of Sikh Gurus, with a focus on devotion, community service, and martial arts displays.

Punjabi Film Industry (Pollywood)

Punjab’s film industry, commonly known as Pollywood, is a rapidly growing sector. Known for its vibrant storytelling and music, it has gained a significant audience both in India and abroad. The industry has undergone a revival since the 2000s, with an increase in the number of releases and a rise in homegrown stars.

Sports

Sports play an important role in Punjabi culture, with Kabaddi being the state sport. Kabbadi is a team-based contact sport that is traditionally played in rural areas and is recognized for its high-energy, physical nature. The Kila Raipur Sports Festival, also known as the Rural Olympics, is held annually in Punjab and showcases various traditional sports and games.

Field hockey is another popular sport in Punjab, with the region producing numerous international-level players. Additionally, Punjab’s basketball team has won several national championships, further demonstrating the state’s sporting prowess.

Tourism in Punjab

Punjab, with its rich cultural heritage and historical significance, offers a wide array of tourist destinations. From religious sites to architectural monuments and natural wonders, the state is a treasure trove for travelers. The region attracts millions of visitors, both domestic and international, due to its unique blend of history, culture, and spirituality.

Major Tourist Destinations in Punjab

• Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) – Amritsar
  One of the most iconic spiritual destinations in India, Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) is the holiest site for Sikhs and is located in Amritsar. Its magnificent architecture, serene surroundings, and the Golden Temple’s unique beauty attract millions of pilgrims and tourists each year. In fact, it receives more visitors annually than the Taj Mahal. The temple’s golden façade and the peaceful Sarovar (holy water tank) add to its spiritual charm. In 2008, Lonely Planet included the Golden Temple in its list of the world’s best spiritual sites.
• Moti Bagh Palace – Patiala
  The Moti Bagh Palace in Patiala is another significant historical and architectural site in Punjab. Built by Maharaja Bhupinder Singh, the palace is known for its sprawling grounds, intricate design, and grandeur. It houses the Qila Mubarak Complex, which is a testament to Punjab’s royal heritage.
• Bathinda Fort
  Bathinda Fort is an ancient historical landmark that dates back to the 5th century. Known for its strategic location, it has witnessed several historical events. The fort’s massive walls and its association with the Mauryan Empire make it an interesting stop for history enthusiasts.
• Virasat-e-Khalsa – Sri Anandpur Sahib
  The Virasat-e-Khalsa (Khalsa Heritage Memorial Complex) in Sri Anandpur Sahib is dedicated to the history of the Sikh faith. The complex displays artifacts, murals, and sculptures that detail the spiritual journey of the Sikh people. It is a must-visit for anyone interested in Sikh history and culture. Hola Mohalla, a significant Sikh festival, is also held here annually, attracting large numbers of visitors.

• Shahpur Kandi Fort and Ranjit Sagar Lake
  Shahpur Kandi Fort, located near Ranjit Sagar Lake, is a historic site offering a beautiful view of the surrounding area. The fort, combined with the scenic beauty of the lake, makes for a peaceful retreat for nature lovers and history buffs alike.
• Devi Talab Mandir – Jalandhar
  The Devi Talab Mandir in Jalandhar is one of the most revered Hindu temples dedicated to Goddess Durga. Believed to be over 200 years old, the temple is an important pilgrimage site for Hindus and is known for its stunning architecture and spiritual ambiance.
• Kila Raipur Sports Festival – Ludhiana
  Kila Raipur, also known as the Rural Olympics, is held annually in Ludhiana. It is a major tourist attraction where visitors can witness traditional rural sports such as cart races, rope pulling, and kabbadi. This festival provides a glimpse into Punjab’s rural culture and the vitality of its indigenous sports.
• Partition Museum – Amritsar
  The Partition Museum in Amritsar holds historical significance as it is dedicated to the aftermath of the 1947 Partition of India. It is the first museum in the world to focus solely on the effects of the partition, displaying artifacts, photographs, and personal stories from that era. It provides a poignant and educational experience for those interested in the history of India’s independence.

Other Key Attractions

• Kapurthala Palace: Known as the “Paris of Punjab,” the Kapurthala Palace is a blend of French and Punjabi architecture, offering visitors an insight into the royal lifestyle of the region.
• Chandigarh: Designed by renowned architect Le Corbusier, Chandigarh is a modern city known for its unique architecture, lush gardens, and a blend of tradition and modernity.
• Sri Muktsar Sahib: Known for the Sikh Temple and its connection to the Battle of Muktsar, the town is a prominent historical site.

Natural Attractions

• Ranjit Sagar Lake: A beautiful reservoir surrounded by mountains, offering recreational activities such as boating and picnicking.
• Sultanpur Lodhi: Famous for its wetlands and bird sanctuary, it is a haven for bird watchers and nature lovers.

Punjab’s diverse mix of religious landmarks, historical sites, vibrant festivals, and natural beauty makes it a captivating travel destination for a variety of tourists. Whether you’re a history buff, a nature lover, or someone interested in spirituality, Punjab offers something for everyone.

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