Uttarakhand

All about Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand, formerly known as Uttaranchal, is a state in northern India often referred to as “Devbhumi” (Land of the Gods) due to its religious significance and numerous Hindu temples and pilgrimage centers. It is bordered by Himachal Pradesh to the northwest, Tibet to the north, Nepal to the east, and Uttar Pradesh to the south and southeast, with a small border touching Haryana in the west. Covering an area of 53,483 km², it constitutes 1.6% of India’s total area. Dehradun is the state capital, while Nainital serves as the judicial capital. The state is divided into two regions, Garhwal and Kumaon, comprising a total of 13 districts.

The state’s forest cover accounts for 45.4% of its area, while 16% of the land is cultivable. The Ganges and Yamuna, two of India’s most significant rivers, originate from the Gangotri and Yamunotri glaciers within the state, adding to its ecological and cultural importance. Uttarakhand’s history spans prehistoric times, with archaeological evidence of ancient human habitation. It was part of the Kuru and Panchal kingdoms during the Vedic era and later influenced by Buddhism, as evidenced by Ashokan edicts.

Uttarakhand: Land of Gods, Culture, Nature, and Spirituality

The state’s economy, valued at ₹2.87 lakh crore (US$34 billion), is primarily supported by the service sector, including travel, tourism, and the hotel industry. Historically reliant on agriculture and hydropower, it has transitioned to a service-driven economy. Uttarakhand contributes five Lok Sabha seats and three Rajya Sabha seats to India’s parliament.

The people of the state are referred to as Garhwali or Kumaoni, depending on their region. While Hinduism is practiced by the majority, Islam is the second-largest religion. Hindi is the official language, alongside regional languages like Garhwali, Kumaoni, Jaunsari, and Gurjari.

The name Uttarakhand originates from the Sanskrit words uttara (north) and khaṇḍa (part), meaning “Northern Part.” This name finds references in ancient Hindu scriptures, describing the region as “Kedarkhand” (Garhwal) and “Manaskhand” (Kumaon). It was an ancient Puranic term for the central Himalayas. The state is home to iconic religious sites such as Char Dham, Haridwar, Rishikesh, and Panch Kedar, as well as two World Heritage sites, making it a hub for spiritual tourism and cultural heritage.

History of Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand, often referred to as the “Land of the Gods,” boasts a rich history spanning prehistoric times to its modern-day formation as a state. Archaeological findings and ancient texts reveal a region steeped in cultural significance, religious evolution, and political transformations.

Prehistoric Roots and Early Civilizations

Archaeological evidence suggests human habitation in Uttarakhand since the Stone Age, contrary to earlier assumptions that the harsh terrain deterred settlement. Notable discoveries, such as the Lakhudyar rock shelters in Almora, reveal prehistoric tools and rock paintings, indicating early human activity in the region. These shelters feature depictions of human figures, animals, and daily life, showcasing an ancient connection to the land.

The region formed part of the Uttarakuru Kingdom during the Vedic age of Ancient India. The Kunindas, one of the earliest dynasties in Kumaon, emerged around the 2nd century BCE. They practiced Shaivism and engaged in trade, particularly salt commerce with Western Tibet. The influence of Buddhism is evident from the Ashokan edicts at Kalsi, a testament to the spread of Buddhist principles in the region.

The Katyuri Dynasty and Early Kingdoms

Between the 4th and 14th centuries CE, the Katyuri dynasty dominated Uttarakhand, ruling from the Katyur Valley in modern-day Baijnath. They left a lasting legacy through their architectural achievements, including the Jageshwar Temple Complex, which features over 100 temples dedicated to Lord Shiva. These structures highlight the region’s religious significance and the evolution of temple architecture.

Following the decline of the Katyuris, Uttarakhand split into two major entities: the Kumaon Kingdom in the east and the Garhwal Kingdom in the west. These kingdoms maintained distinct cultural and administrative identities, fostering developments in art, architecture, and learning.

The Parmars of Garhwal and Chand rulers of Kumaon played pivotal roles in shaping the medieval history of Uttarakhand. They promoted Vedic Hinduism, blending it with local practices and traditions. The Pahari school of painting, a unique artistic style, flourished during this period, showcasing intricate depictions of mythology and nature.

The Gorkha Invasion and British Rule

In 1791, the expanding Gorkha Empire from Nepal invaded Almora, annexing the Kumaon Kingdom. By 1803, the Garhwal Kingdom also fell to the Gorkhas. This period marked significant upheaval for the local populace, as the Gorkhas imposed their rule over the region. However, the Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–1816) ended Gorkha dominance with the signing of the Treaty of Sugauli, ceding Kumaon and parts of Garhwal to the British East India Company.

Under British rule, Uttarakhand was integrated into the Ceded and Conquered Provinces. The remaining portion of the Garhwal Kingdom became a princely state, known as Tehri Garhwal. This period saw the establishment of infrastructure, such as roads and administrative centers, and the introduction of British policies that shaped the region’s socio-economic landscape.

In southern Uttarakhand, particularly in Haridwar and parts of Saharanpur, Gujar chiefs held significant influence. Historical records indicate that Raja Sabha Chandra of Jabarhera and his successors controlled vast tracts of land, consolidating their power in the Doab region. This governance structure persisted until the eventual reorganization of territories under British administration.

Modern Period and the Uttarakhand Movement

Uttarakhand’s journey toward statehood was marked by social and political activism. The Uttarakhand movement, driven by demands for regional autonomy and recognition of cultural identity, gained momentum in the late 20th century. Protests highlighted issues like ecological preservation, economic development, and cultural heritage.

On November 9, 2000, Uttarakhand was officially carved out of Uttar Pradesh as the 27th state of India. Initially named Uttaranchal, the state was later renamed Uttarakhand in 2007 to reflect its historical and cultural significance.

Legacy and Heritage

Uttarakhand’s history is a tapestry of diverse influences, from the Vedic era to the British period, and reflects the resilience and adaptability of its people. Its ancient temples, royal dynasties, and natural beauty continue to attract scholars, pilgrims, and travelers alike, cementing its place as a region of immense historical and cultural importance.

Modern History of Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand’s journey through the modern era reflects a dynamic blend of political evolution, environmental activism, and the assertion of cultural identity. From its integration into British India to its formation as an independent state in 2000, the region has witnessed significant milestones shaping its current identity.

Landhaura Estate and British Integration

By 1803, Landhaura villages under Raja Ram Dayal Singh expanded to 794. Raja Ram Dayal Singh passed away on 29 March 1813, and his holdings, recognized by the British, underwent changes over the years. Initially, these lands, granted by the Rohilla governor, were acknowledged in settlements with the Raja’s heirs. However, as the British established their administrative control, settlements were increasingly made directly with village communities. By 1850, the once vast Landhaura estate had diminished significantly, leaving only remnants of its former glory.

The integration of Uttarakhand into the Ceded and Conquered Provinces marked the region’s entry into the broader British administrative framework. As a result, Uttarakhand experienced infrastructural and socio-political transformations during colonial rule.

Post-Independence Period

After India’s independence in 1947, Uttarakhand became part of the state of Uttar Pradesh, encompassing the Garhwal and Kumaon Divisions. Although culturally unified, Garhwal and Kumaon retained their distinct historical identities, often rooted in their legacy as former hill kingdoms. Over time, however, the shared geography, traditions, and linguistic bonds between these regions laid the groundwork for a collective political identity.

The Demand for Statehood

The call for a separate state intensified during the 1970s and 1980s, with organizations like the Uttarakhand Kranti Dal (UKD) leading the movement. Their efforts highlighted the unique challenges faced by the hill region, including economic underdevelopment, lack of infrastructure, and ecological concerns.

The 1990s proved pivotal in the movement for statehood. The Rampur Tiraha firing case on 1 October 1994, where police fired on peaceful protestors demanding statehood, became a flashpoint. The incident galvanized public opinion and gained support from both local communities and national political parties.

On 24 September 1998, the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council passed the Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Bill, initiating the formal process of creating a new state. The Parliament of India subsequently passed the Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000, and on 9 November 2000, Uttarakhand was officially established as the 27th state of India.

Chipko Movement and Environmental Activism

Uttarakhand has been a cradle of environmental movements, most notably the Chipko movement of the 1970s. This grassroots campaign, led by Gaura Devi, along with activists like Chandi Prasad Bhatt, Sunderlal Bahuguna, and Ghanshyam Raturi, emerged as a response to deforestation and its impact on local livelihoods. Villagers, particularly women, hugged trees to prevent their felling, symbolizing the community’s resistance against exploitative logging practices.

Uttarakhand’s Legacy

While the Chipko movement initially focused on protecting forests, it evolved into a global symbol of environmental conservation and non-violent protest. Its success inspired numerous environmental and social justice movements worldwide. India Today recognized the movement’s leaders as among the “100 people who shaped India.”

Since gaining statehood, Uttarakhand has balanced its rich cultural heritage with the demands of modernization. The state’s story is one of resilience, marked by its transition from a colonial region to a hub of environmental activism and ultimately a self-governed entity. The unyielding spirit of its people continues to define Uttarakhand, making it a region that exemplifies unity in diversity and a commitment to preserving its natural and cultural wealth.

Geography and Climate of Uttarakhand

Geography

Uttarakhand, a state located in the northern part of India, is renowned for its breathtaking landscapes, dominated by the Himalayan range. The state spans an area of 53,483 km² (20,650 sq mi), with 86% of its territory being mountainous and 65% covered by forests. This diverse topography creates a striking variety of ecosystems, from snow-capped peaks to lush green plains.

Mountain Ranges and Glaciers

The northern regions are characterized by high-altitude peaks and glaciers, which are critical to the region’s ecology. Two sacred rivers, the Ganges and the Yamuna, originate from glaciers here—Gangotri and Yamunotri respectively. These rivers, along with pilgrimage sites like Badrinath and Kedarnath, form the revered Chota Char Dham circuit, attracting millions of devotees each year.

Forest and Vegetation Zones

The elevation and climatic variations contribute to Uttarakhand’s rich biodiversity.

1. Alpine and Subalpine Zones: Found above 3,000 meters (9,800 ft), these areas are dominated by shrublands and meadows, while the conifer forests thrive just below the tree line.
2. Temperate Broadleaf Forests: Located between 2,600 and 1,500 meters (8,500 to 4,900 ft), these forests offer a dense cover of mixed broadleaf species.
3. Subtropical Pine Forests: Situated below 1,500 meters (4,900 ft), these forests form the transition zone to the fertile plains.
4. Terai and Bhabar Regions: These lowland forests and grasslands along the border with Uttar Pradesh have largely been converted to agricultural land, but a few patches still showcase the original ecosystem.

The geology of the Himalayas, coupled with climatic diversity, has made Uttarakhand a haven for flora and fauna, some of which are endemic to the region.

Climate

Uttarakhand’s climate varies significantly due to its altitudinal range, from subtropical conditions in the plains to alpine conditions in the higher Himalayas.

Seasons in Uttarakhand

1. Winter (December to February)
   • Temperatures range between 5°C (41°F) to 20°C (68°F) in the plains.
   • In the higher altitudes, temperatures often dip below freezing, leading to heavy snowfall.
   • Cold winds from the Himalayas intensify the chill, especially in elevated areas.
2. Pre-Monsoon (March to May)
   • The temperature starts rising, reaching its peak in May.
   • Southern valleys experience temperatures ranging from 34°C (93°F) to 38°C (100°F), while higher altitudes remain cooler.
3. Monsoon (June to September)
   • Monsoon rains brought by depressions from the Bay of Bengal dominate this season.
   • The state receives an annual rainfall of 133 cm, though distribution varies due to rugged topography.
   • Rainfall rejuvenates the region but also brings challenges like landslides in hilly terrains.
4. Post-Monsoon (October and November)
   • This period marks the transition from monsoon to winter, with clear skies and a noticeable drop in temperature.

Winds and Precipitation

• Precipitation occurs in the form of both rain and snow, depending on the elevation.
• Winds remain light in the valleys, ranging from 1 to 4 kmph, but intensify at higher altitudes.

Uttarakhand’s climatic diversity and geographic richness make it a unique region, offering picturesque landscapes and a thriving ecosystem. The interplay of its geography and climate continues to shape its identity, influencing its natural heritage and human settlements alike.

Flora and Fauna of Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand is celebrated for its diverse ecosystems, hosting an impressive array of flora and fauna. Its forested areas, spanning 34,666 km² (13,385 sq mi) and constituting 65% of the state’s total area, are a treasure trove of biodiversity, with species ranging from alpine trees to tropical rainforests.

State Symbols of Uttarakhand

• State Animal: Alpine Musk Deer (Moschus chrysogaster)
• State Bird: Himalayan Monal (Lophophorus impejanus)
• State Tree: Burans (Rhododendron arboreum)
• State Flower: Brahma Kamal (Saussurea obvallata)
• State Fruit: Brahma Kamal (Saussurea obvallata)

Forests and Vegetation

The forests of Uttarakhand are rich in species diversity:

1. Alpine Vegetation: Dominated by rhododendrons, conifers, and evergreens, these thrive in higher altitudes.
2. Broadleaf Species: Trees such as oak, sal (Shorea robusta), and silk cotton tree (Bombax ciliata) are prevalent.
3. Rare Medicinal Plants:
   • The Valley of Flowers National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is home to 520 plant species, including medicinal herbs like Picrorhiza kurroa and Dactylorhiza hatagirea.
   • Other trees such as Acacia catechu and Dalbergia sissoo contribute to the forest’s ecological richness.

The Herbal Research and Development Institute promotes research and conservation of medicinal herbs, which are crucial for Ayurvedic treatments and local traditional healing practices.

Wildlife in Uttarakhand

The state is a sanctuary for rare and endangered wildlife, protected through numerous national parks and reserves.

Key National Parks

1. Jim Corbett National Park: India’s oldest national park, located in Nainital and Pauri Garhwal, is famous for its Bengal tigers.
2. Valley of Flowers National Park and Nanda Devi National Park: Together form a UNESCO World Heritage Site, harboring globally threatened plant species.
3. Rajaji National Park: Spanning Haridwar, Dehradun, and Pauri Garhwal districts, this park supports a large elephant population.
4. Govind Pashu Vihar and Gangotri National Park: Located in Uttarkashi, these parks are havens for high-altitude wildlife.

Mammals

• Large Carnivores: Bengal tigers, leopards, and smaller cats like the jungle cat and fishing cat.
• Herbivores: Varieties of deer (sambar, barking, hog, and chital), bharal (blue sheep), and elephants.
• Bears: Himalayan black bears and brown bears.
• Primates: Langurs and rhesus monkeys are widespread in the forests.

Birds

Uttarakhand is a birdwatcher’s paradise, with species like:

• Himalayan Monal: The state bird, known for its striking plumage.
• Critically endangered species like the Himalayan quail, last seen in 1876.
• Migratory birds like the bean goose, observed in the Jim Corbett National Park.

Reptiles and Amphibians

• Crocodiles and Gharials: Reintroduced successfully through captive breeding programs.
• Freshwater turtles such as the Indian sawback turtle and Ganges softshell turtle.

Insects and Butterflies

Butterflies like the red helen and common tiger add vibrant hues to the region’s ecological canvas.

Environmental Challenges

Forest Fires

• The 2016 Uttarakhand Forest fires devastated vast forested areas, killing wildlife and causing losses worth billions.
• Similar fires in 2021 in Tehri district further highlighted the vulnerability of Uttarakhand’s ecosystems.

Conservation Efforts

Protected areas and programs such as captive breeding and wildlife conservation have been instrumental in saving species like the marsh crocodile from extinction.

The flora and fauna of Uttarakhand represent its natural heritage, providing ecological, cultural, and medicinal value. Efforts to conserve its rich biodiversity ensure that this Himalayan gem continues to thrive for generations to come.

Demographics of Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand, a state rich in cultural and ethnic diversity, showcases a unique demographic profile shaped by its geography, history, and social structure.

Population Growth and Distribution

• Historical Population Trends:
  Uttarakhand’s population has grown steadily over the decades, with notable increases during the 20th century. From a population of 1.98 million in 1901, it has risen to 10.08 million in 2011, representing a decadal growth rate of 18.81% (2001–2011).
• Current Statistics (2011 Census):
  • Population: 10,086,292 (comprising 5,137,773 males and 4,948,519 females).
  • Population Density: 189 people per square kilometer.
  • Gender Ratio: 963 females per 1,000 males.
  • Rural vs. Urban Population: 69.77% of the population resides in rural areas, while the rest live in urban centers.
• Vital Rates:
  • Crude Birth Rate: 18.6 per 1,000 people.
  • Total Fertility Rate: 2.3 children per woman.
  • Infant Mortality Rate: 43 per 1,000 live births.
  • Maternal Mortality Rate: 188 per 100,000 live births.
  • Crude Death Rate: 6.6 per 1,000 people.

Ethnic and Social Composition

Native Communities

• The native inhabitants of Uttarakhand are broadly categorized as Garhwali and Kumaoni, reflecting the state’s two geocultural regions—Garhwal and Kumaon.
• Collectively, they are referred to as Uttarakhandis.

Social Groups

1. Rajputs:
   • Constituting approximately 35% of the population, Rajputs are descendants of landowning rulers and clans.
   • They form a major ethnic group among Garhwalis and Kumaonis.
2. Brahmins:
   • With 20% of the population, Uttarakhand has the highest percentage of Brahmins among Indian states.
   • Brahmins have historically played significant roles in the state’s cultural and religious practices.
3. Other Backward Classes (OBCs):
   • Representing 18.3% of the population, OBCs contribute significantly to the state’s workforce and cultural fabric.
4. Scheduled Castes (SCs):
   • SCs account for 18.76% of the population and are an integral part of Uttarakhand’s social structure.
5. Scheduled Tribes (STs):
   • Tribes such as Jaunsaris, Bhotiyas, Tharus, Buksas, Rajis, Jads, and Banrawats comprise 2.89% of the population.
   • Many tribal groups maintain traditional lifestyles, with some like the Gurjars and Bhotiyas being nomadic, while others like the Jaunsaris are fully settled.
   • Non-scheduled tribal groups, including Shaukas and Gurjars, are also significant.

Cultural and Social Highlights

• Uttarakhand’s demographics reflect a multiethnic and multicultural society, enriched by its indigenous communities and settlers from other parts of India.

• The population includes migrants who contribute to the state’s urbanization and economic growth, especially in cities like Dehradun and Haridwar.

The state’s demographic structure not only defines its cultural richness but also presents unique challenges in terms of development, social inclusion, and economic planning.

Languages and Religion in Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand, a state known for its cultural diversity, reflects its heritage through its languages and religious composition. Here’s an overview of the linguistic and religious fabric of the state:

Languages

Official Languages

• Hindi:
  • Declared the official language, Hindi is spoken natively by 43% of the population (2011 Census).
  • It also serves as the lingua franca, connecting the diverse linguistic communities of the state.
• Sanskrit:
  • Recognized as the second official language, Sanskrit holds cultural and historical significance.
  • Its use is primarily confined to educational and religious contexts.

Regional Languages

Uttarakhand is home to several Indo-Aryan and Sino-Tibetan languages, showcasing its linguistic diversity:

1. Garhwali:
   • Spoken by 23% of the population, predominantly in the western region.
   • Part of the Central Pahari subgroup, it faces challenges of language decline due to Hindi promotion.
2. Kumaoni:
   • Native to 20% of the population, mostly in the eastern region.
   • Closely related to Garhwali, forming a linguistic continuum.
3. Jaunsari:
   • Concentrated in Dehradun district, it accounts for 1.3% of the population.

Indigenous and Minority Languages

• Indo-Aryan Languages:
  • Include Buksa Tharu, Rana Tharu, Mahasu Pahari, and Doteli, spoken in various districts.
• Sino-Tibetan Languages:
  • Found mainly in the northern districts, these include Jad, Rongpo, and several endangered languages like Byangsi, Darmiya, and Raji.
  • Rangas, another Sino-Tibetan language, became extinct in the mid-20th century.

Non-Regional Languages

• Urdu (4.2%) and Punjabi (2.6%): Found in the southern districts.
• Bengali (1.5%) and Bhojpuri (0.95%): Concentrated in Udham Singh Nagar district.
• Nepali (1.1%): Spread throughout the state, especially in Dehradun and Uttarkashi.

Religion

Major Religious Groups (2011 Census)

1. Hinduism:
   • Dominates the state with 82.97% of the population.
   • Particularly prevalent in the hill regions, reflecting the region’s ancient religious roots.
2. Islam:
   • Comprising 13.95%, Muslims are the largest minority.
   • Most concentrated in the plain’s regions, such as Haridwar and Udham Singh Nagar.
3. Sikhism:
   • Represents 2.34% of the population.
   • The state has historical significance for Sikhs, with prominent Gurdwaras like Hemkund Sahib.
4. Christianity:
   • Makes up 0.37%, with small communities scattered across the state.
5. Buddhism:
   • Accounts for 0.15%, primarily due to Tibetan Buddhist influence in certain areas.
6. Jainism:
   • A small minority, comprising 0.09%, with historical ties to the region.
7. Others and Not Stated:
   • Include 0.13% of the population.

Cultural Observations

• The hill regions are predominantly Hindu, reflecting centuries of religious tradition and influence.
• The plains regions, especially bordering Uttar Pradesh, display greater religious diversity, with significant Muslim and Sikh populations.

This diversity of languages and religions highlights Uttarakhand’s unique blend of tradition and modernity, making it a microcosm of India’s larger multicultural identity.

Government and Administration of Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand operates under a parliamentary system of representative democracy, following the Constitution of India. The state’s governance and administrative structure ensure representation, law and order, and the effective delivery of public services.

Legislative Structure

1. Legislative Assembly:
   • The state has a unicameral legislature consisting of 70 members, elected for five-year terms.
   • The Assembly is led by the Speaker, with a Deputy Speaker acting in their absence.
2. Council of Ministers:
   • Appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister, the council is responsible for legislative and administrative functions.
   • It comprises Cabinet Ministers and Ministers of State (MoS).
3. Parliamentary Representation:
   • Uttarakhand sends five members to the Lok Sabha and three members to the Rajya Sabha, ensuring its voice in the national legislature.

Executive Structure

1. Governor:
   • The Governor, appointed by the President of India, serves as the ceremonial head of state.
   • Their duties include appointing the Chief Minister and other constitutional functions.
2. Chief Minister and Council of Ministers:
   • The Chief Minister, leader of the majority party or coalition in the Legislative Assembly, manages the executive functions of the state.
   • Ministers oversee specific departments with the assistance of senior bureaucrats such as the Chief Secretary and Principal Secretaries.
3. Secretariat:
   • The Secretariat, headed by the Chief Secretary, coordinates the functioning of various government departments and agencies.

Administrative Divisions

1. Divisions and Districts:
   • The state is divided into two divisions and 13 districts, with each division headed by a Divisional Commissioner (IAS officer).
   • Districts are managed by District Magistrates (DM), responsible for law and order, development, and public services.
2. Local Administration:
   • At the block level, the Block Development Officer (BDO) oversees development activities.
   • Law enforcement is handled by the Uttarakhand Police, led by the Director General of Police (DGP).
3. Forestry and Environment:
   • Managed by the Divisional Forest Officer (DFO), who works alongside officers from the Uttarakhand Forest Service to conserve wildlife and the environment.

Judiciary

1. Uttarakhand High Court:
   • Located in Nainital, it serves as the apex judicial body in the state.
   • The Chief Justice is appointed by the President of India based on the recommendations of the Chief Justice of India and the Governor.
2. Subordinate Judiciary:
   • Divided into civil judicial services and higher judicial services:
     • Civil Judges (Junior and Senior Divisions) handle local legal matters.
     • Sessions Judges preside over district courts and handle serious civil and criminal cases.

Law Enforcement

1. Police:
   • The Superintendent of Police (SP), assisted by officers from the Uttarakhand Police Service, ensures law and order in each district.
2. Forest Management:
   • The Indian Forest Service (IFS) officers, supported by state forest services, manage conservation and environmental protection.

Political Landscape

• Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP):
  • The BJP has been the dominant political force since 2017, steering the state’s policies and governance.
• Indian National Congress (INC):
  • Acts as the primary opposition, ensuring checks and balances in state governance.

Culture of Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand is a state rich in cultural heritage, deeply rooted in its regional traditions, art forms, and literature. Its culture reflects a harmonious blend of nature-inspired aesthetics, spiritual practices, and vibrant local craftsmanship.

Architecture and Crafts

1. Architectural Heritage:
   • Uttarakhand boasts a legacy of unique wooden architecture, evident in structures like the Mahasu Devta Temple in Hanol and traditional Dharamshalas in Haridwar.
   • The Solani Aqueduct at Roorkee, built during the British Raj, is another landmark showcasing colonial engineering excellence.
2. Craftsmanship:
   • Likhai Wood Carving: Found predominantly in Kumaon, Likhai involves intricate designs of floral patterns, deities, and geometric motifs adorning temples and homes.
   • Aipan Art: A GI-certified ritual folk art of Kumaon, Aipan is created during festivals and ceremonies. It involves designs painted with rice flour on red brick walls, symbolizing good fortune and divine protection.
   • Jyuti Patta: A ritualistic watercolor painting style, it incorporates geometric patterns and vibrant colors, often used in religious frescoes.
3. Other Crafts:
   • Handcrafted gold jewelry, woolen shawls, scarves, and rugs by the Bhotiyas of northern Uttarakhand.
   • Basketry, a traditional craft of the Garhwal region.
4. Garhwali Miniature Painting:
   • Flourished between the 17th and 19th centuries, with Mola Ram credited as the pioneer of this art form, representing nature and local folklore.

Arts and Literature

1. Literary Heritage:
   • Uttarakhand’s literature spans languages like Hindi, Garhwali, Kumaoni, Jaunsari, and Tharu, often rooted in lyrical ballads and folktales.
   • Renowned writers include Sumitranandan Pant (Jnanpith Awardee), Ruskin Bond, and Prasoon Joshi, alongside Sahitya Akademi awardees like Manglesh Dabral and Leeladhar Jagudi.
2. Traditional Storytelling:
   • Itinerant singers played a crucial role in narrating stories that have now become timeless classics in Hindi and regional literature.

1. Notable Personalities in Art and Theatre:
   • Artists like Ranbir Singh Bisht and Narendra Singh Negi, alongside theatre luminaries such as B. M. Shah, have contributed significantly to Uttarakhand’s artistic legacy.
   • Institutions like the Dehradun Literature Festival celebrate the state’s literary and artistic achievements.

Cultural and Social Icons

1. Philosophers and Activists:
   • Visionaries like Sunderlal Bahuguna (Chipko Movement leader) and Vandana Shiva (environmentalist) are global icons.
   • Govind Ballabh Pant, a notable freedom fighter and statesman, hailed from the region.
2. Social and Environmental Activism:
   • Movements like Chipko, led by figures such as Gaura Devi and Chandi Prasad Bhatt, underline the region’s commitment to conservation and sustainability.

Cuisine of Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand’s cuisine reflects its mountainous terrain, regional traditions, and simple yet flavorful culinary practices. Known for its reliance on locally grown ingredients, the state’s dishes are not just nutritious but also tailored to the climatic and geographical conditions.

Staple Ingredients and Cooking Practices

1. Core Staples:
   • Vegetables and Wheat: Primary staples, complemented by coarse grains like buckwheat (Kotu/Kuttu), madua (finger millet), and jhangora (barnyard millet), which thrive in the hilly terrain.
   • Black Soybean Dal: Locally known as Bhatt, a favorite in the Kumaon region, served as a dal or chudkani (a traditional preparation).

1. Cooking Methods:
   • Food is often cooked with mustard oil or desi ghee, giving the dishes a rich flavor.
   • Unique spices like Jakhya (wild mustard seeds) and chutneys made from bhang (hemp seeds) add a distinctive taste to Uttarakhand’s cuisine.
2. Minimal Use of Dairy:
   • Unlike many Indian cuisines, Uttarakhand’s recipes use milk and tomatoes sparingly, relying instead on herbs and local grains for flavor and nutrition.

Signature Dishes

1. Vegetarian Dishes:
   • Dubuk: A lentil-based dish with a creamy texture.
   • Chains and Kap: Regional stews made with unique spices and lentils.
   • Jholi/Jhoi: Variations of kadhi, a yogurt-based curry thickened with gram flour.
   • Paliyo and Phana: Simple, hearty dishes made with pulses and grains.
2. Non-Vegetarian Specialties:
   • With a predominantly non-vegetarian population (approximately 75%), mutton, chicken, and goat-based dishes are common.
   • Bhutwa: A rich mutton dish made from goat intestines and offcuts, known for its unique texture and flavor.
   • Wild game recipes, including boar and hare, are popular in some rural regions.

Traditional Sweets

1. Bal Mithai:
   • A fudge-like sweet covered with sugar-coated pellets, this is a signature dessert from Kumaon.

1. Other Sweets:
   • Arsa: Made with jaggery and rice flour.
   • Gulgulas: Deep-fried sweet fritters.
   • Swal, Ghughut, Khajur, and Mishri: Local treats often enjoyed during festivals.

Cultural and Regional Significance

1. Use of Local Grains:
   • The reliance on course, high-fiber grains like madua and jhangora highlights the community’s adaptation to the region’s terrain and climate.
2. Chutneys and Spices:
   • Spices and chutneys, such as those made with bhang seeds, are integral to Uttarakhand’s meals, offering a unique taste not found elsewhere in Indian cuisine.
3. Regional Variations:
   • Kumaoni and Garhwali cuisines have subtle differences, such as chaisu, a grinded dal preparation popular in Garhwal.

A Culinary Journey in the Mountains

Uttarakhand’s cuisine is more than just food; it is a reflection of its heritage, simplicity, and connection to nature. With a focus on health and sustainability, the dishes celebrate local produce, making the state’s culinary traditions both distinctive and memorable.

Dances and Music of Uttarakhand

The dances and music of Uttarakhand are an integral part of the state’s cultural fabric, deeply connected to life, human emotions, and the natural environment. The art forms of the region not only showcase the state’s diverse traditions but also serve as a medium for expressing ritualistic beliefs, celebrations, and cultural identity.

Folk Dances

1. Langvir Nritya:
   A dance form performed by men that resembles gymnastic movements. It is often performed in the Garhwal region, showcasing agility and strength.
2. Barada Nati:
   A dance form from the Jaunsar-Bawar region performed during religious festivals, featuring synchronized steps and rhythmic movements.
3. Other Popular Dances:
   • Hurka Baul
   • Jhora-Chanchri: Celebratory dances performed during festivals and weddings, characterized by group formations and lively footwork.
   • Chholiya: A martial dance associated with wedding ceremonies, involving traditional swordplay and energetic movements.
   • Thadya, Chhapeli, Jhumaila, Pandav, and Chauphula are other traditional dances reflecting the life and culture of Uttarakhand’s people.

These dances are often performed during festivals, weddings, and religious events, symbolizing various aspects of life, from victory and joy to ritual and worship.

Folk Music

Music plays an equally important role in Uttarakhand’s cultural expressions, with a wide variety of folk songs that resonate deeply within the community.

1. Popular Folk Songs:
   • Mangal
   • Basanti
   • Khuder
   • Chhopati
     These folk songs, often sung during festivals and rituals, are played on traditional instruments, including the Dhol, Damau, Ransingha, Turri, Dholki, Bhankora, and Mashakbaja.
2. Jagar:
   A form of spirit worship, Jagar is a traditional ballad sung by Jagariyas (singers), invoking local deities. The songs are typically epic in nature, often referring to mythological tales from the Mahabharat and Ramayana, recounting the stories of the gods and their adventures.
3. Famous Folk Singers:
   • Narendra Singh Negi, Pritam Bhartwan, Meena Rana, Mohan Upreti, and Girish Tiwari ‘Girda’ are celebrated folk musicians of Uttarakhand.
   • Jubin Nautiyal, a Bollywood playback singer, and Bobby Cash, a country music singer, have also contributed to the state’s musical legacy.

Festivals and Fairs of Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand is known for its vibrant festivals that celebrate spirituality, culture, and the changing seasons. These festivals often feature music, dance, rituals, and communal gatherings, reflecting the diverse traditions of the state.

1. Kumbh Mela at Haridwar:
   One of the largest religious gatherings in the world, the Kumbh Mela is a sacred event where millions of pilgrims gather at the Har Ki Pauri for a holy dip in the Ganges River. The festival is held every 12 years in Haridwar.
2. Almora Dussehra:
   A unique version of Dussehra, celebrated in Almora with the burning of fifteen effigies representing the bloodline of Ravana, symbolizing the victory of good over evil.
3. Ramman:
   A masked dance and theatre ritual celebrated by the Garhwali people, where villagers perform dances in honor of the deity Bhumiyal Devta, narrating episodes from the Ramayana and other local stories.
4. Kumauni Holi:
   A unique variant of Holi celebrated in Uttarakhand, including Baithki Holi, Khari Holi, and Mahila Holi, all of which involve singing and dancing to folk songs that continue for weeks starting from Vasant Panchami.

1. Phool-Dei:
   A spring festival where children go door-to-door with plates of rice, jaggery, and flowers, receiving blessings and gifts in return. The festival is marked by singing, dancing, and communal well-wishing for health and prosperity.
2. Harela:
   A Kumaoni festival marking the beginning of the harvest season, where grains are sown in small bamboo containers, representing prosperity and good fortune for the coming months.
3. Other Notable Festivals:
   • Ganga Dussehra, Vasant Panchami, Makar Sankranti, Vat Savitri, and Khatarua.
   • Major fairs like Kanwar Yatra, Nanda Devi Raj Jat, Nauchandi Mela, and Uttarayani Mela are held regularly, attracting large crowds and offering a blend of rituals, trade, and community celebrations.

Cultural Significance

The dances, music, and festivals of Uttarakhand serve as expressions of the state’s spiritual beliefs, historical narratives, and seasonal cycles. They also bring communities together, fostering a sense of belonging and continuity across generations. The vibrant rituals and performances are an enduring testament to the region’s rich cultural heritage, resonating with tradition, faith, and joy.

Economy of Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand’s economy has witnessed significant growth over the past few decades, emerging as one of India’s fastest-growing states. The state’s development has been marked by a steady rise in its Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP), which more than doubled from ₹24,786 crore in FY 2005 to ₹60,898 crore in FY 2012. The growth rate of the real GSDP was impressive, at 13.7% (Compound Annual Growth Rate or CAGR) during the 2005–2012 period. This growth is driven by various sectors, with the service sector contributing over 50% to the state’s GSDP by FY 2012. Uttarakhand’s per capita income in FY 2018–19 stood at ₹198,738, which is higher than the national average of ₹126,406 for the same period.

Agriculture

Agriculture plays a crucial role in Uttarakhand’s economy, with the state being known for the cultivation of a variety of crops. Major agricultural products include:

• Rice (especially Basmati)
• Wheat
• Soybeans
• Groundnuts
• Coarse cereals
• Pulses
• Oilseeds

The state’s terrain, largely hilly (86% of the land), makes large-scale agricultural production challenging. However, the fertile plains in the southern regions support agriculture, with rice and wheat as significant crops. The state is also known for producing fruits like apples, oranges, pears, peaches, lychees, and plums, which contribute significantly to the food processing industry.

Notably, Uttarakhand has set up Agricultural Export Zones for lychees, horticulture, herbs, medicinal plants, and Basmati rice, boosting exports. In 2010, the state produced 831 thousand tonnes of wheat and 610 thousand tonnes of rice, with sugarcane being a significant cash crop, yielding 5058 thousand tonnes.

Industrial Development

Uttarakhand has also made strides in industrial development, particularly in pharmaceuticals, information technology (IT), biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and automobile industries. Several key industrial estates have been established, including:

• Integrated Industrial Estates (IIEs) in Haridwar, Pantnagar, and Sitarganj.
• Pharma City at Selakui.
• Information Technology Park at Sahastradhara (Dehradun).
• Growth Centres at Sigaddi (Kotdwar).

Additionally, the state has developed 20 industrial sectors under a public-private partnership (PPP) model, attracting investments in various sectors.

Key Sectors in Uttarakhand’s Economy

1. Tourism:
   Uttarakhand is a popular tourism destination, known for its spiritual sites (like Haridwar and Rishikesh), hill stations, and adventure tourism opportunities such as trekking, rafting, and skiing. The state’s economy benefits significantly from the influx of domestic and international tourists.
2. Hydropower:
   The state has immense potential for hydropower generation, thanks to its abundant water resources in the Himalayas. Hydropower is a major contributor to the state’s energy sector, with several plants already in operation or under development.
3. Information Technology (IT):
   With the establishment of IT parks and hubs, Uttarakhand has become a growing destination for IT and Information Technology-Enabled Services (ITES). The state attracts both domestic and international companies, benefiting from the availability of skilled labor and infrastructure development.
4. Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology:
   The state has seen growth in pharmaceutical and biotech industries, particularly in the Haridwar and Pantnagar regions, driven by government incentives and infrastructure support.
5. Banking and Financial Services:
   Uttarakhand has a growing financial sector, with the establishment of several banking and insurance services. The state’s stable political environment and business-friendly policies make it an attractive place for investment.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Between 2000 and 2009, the state attracted foreign direct investment (FDI) amounting to USD 46.7 million, reflecting growing confidence in its economic potential.

Economic Growth & Future Prospects

Uttarakhand’s economy is poised for continued growth, driven by key sectors such as agriculture, tourism, hydropower, and information technology. With its diverse industries, favorable investment policies, and robust infrastructure, Uttarakhand is expected to become a key player in India’s economic landscape in the coming years.

Transportation in Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand, with its unique geographical features, faces several challenges and opportunities when it comes to transportation infrastructure. The state’s hilly terrain (over 86% of the land) influences the development of roads, railways, and air transport, making it crucial to ensure efficient connectivity within the state and to neighboring regions.

Road Transport

Uttarakhand boasts a road network of 2,683 km, with 1,328 km being national highways and 1,543 km being state highways. The state’s 14 national highways form a significant portion of India’s national highway system, accounting for 2.2% of the total length of national highways in India. The roads in the state serve as crucial links for interstate and local transportation.

• Uttarakhand Transport Corporation (UTC), established in 2003, is the key public transport provider in the state, operating around 1,000 buses on 35 nationalized routes and many non-nationalized routes.
• The UTC buses are the most common and affordable means of transportation for locals and visitors, offering connectivity to various regions of the state and neighboring states like Uttar Pradesh.
• Private transport operators also run around 3,000 buses on non-nationalized routes, covering several parts of Uttarakhand, including interstate routes.

For local travel, auto rickshaws and cycle rickshaws are commonly available, particularly in urban areas. In the remote hills, shared transportation services connect towns and villages with the main road junctions and bus routes.

Rail Transport

Railway services in Uttarakhand are limited due to the state’s predominantly hilly terrain. The total length of the railway tracks is approximately 345 km, with most railways operating in the plain’s region. Some notable railway stations include:

• Kathgodam: The last terminus of the Northeast Railways, connecting Nainital with major cities like Delhi, Dehradun, and Howrah.
• Dehradun Railway Station: A key railhead for Northern Railways, with services to and from major cities in India.
• Haridwar Junction: Situated on the Delhi–Dehradun and Howrah–Dehradun railway lines, it is one of the main railway hubs in the region.
• Roorkee: Connected to major Indian cities via the Punjab–Mughal Sarai trunk route.
• Other significant stations include Pantnagar, Lalkuan, Haldwani, Rishikesh, Kotdwar, and Ramnagar, all of which are linked to Delhi by regular trains.

Though limited in reach due to the hilly landscape, the railway network remains a vital part of the state’s transport system, particularly for those traveling between major cities.

Air Transport

Uttarakhand’s air connectivity is concentrated in Dehradun and Pantnagar, with the following airports playing pivotal roles:

• Jolly Grant Airport (Dehradun): The busiest airport in Uttarakhand, offering six daily flights to Delhi and serving as a key gateway to the state.
• Pantnagar Airport (Kumaon region): Provides daily flights to Delhi and is an important air link for the Kumaon region.

Additionally, there are proposals for expanding air travel infrastructure in the state, with plans to develop airports such as:

• Naini Saini Airport (Pithoragarh)
• Bharkot Airport (Chinyalisaur, Uttarkashi District)
• Gauchar Airport (Chamoli District)

These proposed airports aim to improve accessibility to remote regions and boost tourism and economic activities in the state.

Challenges and Future Prospects

While Uttarakhand’s transport system is growing, it faces significant challenges due to its mountainous landscape. Limited railway and road connectivity in remote areas can hinder transportation for both locals and tourists. However, with continued investment in infrastructure development, such as improving roads, expanding airports, and enhancing rail networks, the state’s transportation system is poised for better accessibility and connectivity in the future. This is crucial for sustaining tourism, facilitating economic growth, and improving access to essential services.

Tourism in Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand, often referred to as the “Land of the Gods,” offers a unique blend of spiritual significance and natural beauty. The state is located in the Himalayas, and its varied terrain, including ancient temples, forest reserves, national parks, hill stations, and mountain peaks, makes it a top destination for both pilgrims and adventure enthusiasts. It is home to 44 nationally protected monuments and a number of famous religious and natural sites.

Religious Tourism

Uttarakhand is deeply ingrained in the religious fabric of India, and its landscape is dotted with significant Hindu pilgrimage sites. The state’s temples and holy rivers attract millions of pilgrims every year. Some of the most prominent pilgrimage sites include:

• Chota Char Dham: This spiritual circuit includes Gangotri, Yamunotri, Kedarnath, and Badrinath, dedicated to Ganga, Yamuna, Shiva, and Vishnu, respectively. These shrines are considered among the holiest in Hinduism, and the Char Dham Yatra attracts thousands of devotees seeking spiritual purification and salvation.
• Haridwar: Known as the “Gateway to the Gods”, Haridwar is a major Hindu pilgrimage center and the site of the Haridwar Kumbh Mela, a massive religious gathering that takes place every twelve years.
• Rishikesh: Famous as the Yoga capital of the world, Rishikesh attracts yoga practitioners and spiritual seekers. It is also a gateway to the Chota Char Dham yatra.

Apart from Hindu pilgrimage, Uttarakhand also offers sacred sites for adherents of other religions. Notable sites include:

• Piran Kaliyar Sharif (Roorkee) for Muslims.
• Gurudwaras like Darbar Sahib (Dehradun), Hemkund Sahib (Chamoli), and Nanakmatta Sahib (Nanakmatta) for Sikhs.
• The Mindrolling Monastery (Dehradun), a prominent center for Tibetan Buddhism.

Adventure and Nature Tourism

Uttarakhand’s dramatic landscapes offer an abundance of adventure tourism opportunities. The state’s towering peaks, rolling meadows, dense forests, and flowing rivers make it a prime destination for mountaineering, trekking, rafting, skiing, and more.

• Auli and Munsiyari are popular skiing resorts, attracting adventure sports enthusiasts, especially during the winter months.
• Har Ki Doon is a high-altitude hanging valley and one of the most sought-after trekking destinations in the state.
• Roopkund, famous for its mysterious skeletons discovered at the site, is a trekking destination that attracts thrill-seekers and researchers alike. The trek passes through the beautiful Bugyal meadows.
• Whitewater rafting in Rishikesh is another exciting activity that has gained popularity, with the town being a hotspot for adventure tourism.

National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries

Uttarakhand is home to 12 national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, covering 13.8% of the state’s total area. These protected areas preserve the region’s rich biodiversity and provide an opportunity for wildlife enthusiasts to explore its flora and fauna. Some of the major parks include:

• Jim Corbett National Park: The oldest national park in India, this is a major wildlife sanctuary, known for its tiger population and rich biodiversity.
• Rajaji National Park: Another popular park known for its rich variety of wildlife including elephants, tigers, and leopards.

Natural Attractions

Uttarakhand’s natural beauty makes it an ideal destination for nature lovers. Some notable attractions include:

• Vasudhara Falls: A stunning 122-meter waterfall near Badrinath, set against the backdrop of snow-clad mountains.
• Tehri Lake and Dam: Tehri Dam is the tallest dam in India, and Tehri Lake is the largest lake in the state. The area offers a variety of adventure sports, such as boating, jet skiing, parasailing, and kayaking.

Hill Stations and Scenic Destinations

Uttarakhand is home to several hill stations known for their pleasant climate and scenic beauty. Some of the popular hill stations include:

• Nainital: Known for its picturesque Naini Lake, the town offers a peaceful retreat with beautiful landscapes.
• Mussoorie: Famous for its Mall Road and panoramic views of the Himalayas, Mussoorie is often referred to as the “Queen of Hills.”
• Almora: A serene hill station offering a stunning view of the Kumaon Hills.

Tourism Infrastructure and Development

Uttarakhand’s tourism infrastructure continues to evolve, with improved transportation facilities, the development of new tourist circuits, and efforts to promote eco-tourism. The state government has introduced several initiatives to enhance the tourist experience, such as the Char Dham Highway project and better connectivity via airports and railways. Furthermore, the state’s focus on sustainable tourism aims to protect its natural resources while promoting economic development.

Education in Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand has a well-established educational system with a structured curriculum and a wide variety of academic institutions that offer opportunities for both general and professional education. The state’s education system is based on a 10-year course of study divided into three stages: lower primary, upper primary, and secondary school. The course follows a 4+3+3 structure, denoting the number of years for each stage. After completing this initial education, students can opt for higher secondary schooling, choosing from three major streams—liberal arts, commerce, or science.

Following higher secondary schooling, students can pursue undergraduate programs in either general or professional fields. Schools in Uttarakhand are generally either government-run or managed by private trusts. Public schools mostly follow the Uttarakhand Board of School Education (UBSE) and use Hindi as the medium of instruction, while private schools, often affiliated with national boards such as CBSE, CISCE, or ICSE, use English as the medium of instruction.

Higher Education in Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand is home to more than 20 universities, including a variety of state and nationally recognized institutions that provide quality education in diverse fields:

• G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology: Established in 1960 by Jawaharlal Nehru, this is one of the leading universities for agriculture and engineering research and training.
• Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry: Located in Bharsar and Ranichauri, this university focuses on horticulture and forestry education.
• Kumaun University: Located in Nainital, Kumaun University is one of the oldest universities in the region, known for its diverse academic programs.

Uttarakhand also houses several prestigious institutions of national importance, such as:

• Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee: One of India’s top technical institutions, IIT Roorkee is renowned for its engineering and technology programs.
• Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Kashipur: A prominent business school, IIM Kashipur offers high-quality management education.
• All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Rishikesh: A premier medical institute that provides world-class healthcare education and research.

Additionally, Forest Research Institute (FRI) in Dehradun is the oldest institution dedicated to forest research, and it hosts the Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy (IGNFA), which trains officers for the Indian Forest Service.

Notable Educational Institutions

Uttarakhand is also home to some renowned schools and training academies:

• The Doon School: A prestigious all-boys residential school in Dehradun, consistently ranked as one of India’s best schools.
• Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration (LBSNA): Located in Mussoorie, this academy trains civil servants for the Indian Administrative Service (IAS).
• Indian Military Academy (IMA): Situated in Dehradun, IMA is a premier officer-training academy for the Indian Army.

Sports in Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand offers a wide range of sports activities and is known for its rugged terrain, which attracts adventure seekers from around the world. The state’s natural landscapes, including its mountains and rivers, make it a prime destination for adventure sports like paragliding, skydiving, rafting, and bungee jumping.

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