Ahmedabad

All about Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad, commonly referred to as Amdavad in Gujarati, stands as Gujarat’s largest city and one of India’s most dynamic urban centers. Positioned along the Sabarmati River, Ahmedabad is recognized as the administrative hub of the Ahmedabad district and houses the Gujarat High Court. With a 2024 population estimated at 8,854,444, it ranks among the most populous cities in India, reflecting its rapid urban and economic expansion.

Ahmedabad’s industrial legacy has earned it the title of the ‘Manchester of India,’ thanks to its prominence in cotton production, sharing this accolade with Kanpur. Even though its stock exchange ceased operations in 2018, it was once India’s second oldest, symbolizing the city’s rich trading heritage. Over time, liberalization and infrastructure growth have transformed Ahmedabad into a tertiary economic powerhouse, driving commerce, construction, and communication sectors. Skyscrapers and modern complexes dot the cityscape, indicative of its booming construction and housing industries.

Ahmedabad – A Thriving Economic and Cultural Powerhouse

Ahmedabad is not just an industrial hub; it thrives on culture and sports as well. The iconic Narendra Modi Stadium in Motera stands as the world’s largest stadium, accommodating 132,000 spectators and hosting international cricket events. The under-construction Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Sports Enclave promises to position Ahmedabad as a central sporting destination in India.

The city consistently earns global and national accolades for its livability and growth:

• Forbes listed it third among the fastest-growing cities globally during the 2010s.
• Recognized as India’s best city to live in 2012 by The Times of India.
• Ranked third by the Ease of Living Index in 2020.
• Selected as one of the world’s 50 greatest places of 2022 by Time magazine.

Ahmedabad also enjoys a vibrant GDP, with the metropolitan economy reaching approximately $136.1 billion in 2023, underlining its pivotal role in India’s economic landscape.

The city’s rich historical roots are epitomized by Old Ahmedabad, declared a UNESCO World Heritage City in 2017 for its unique Indo-Islamic architecture and bustling pols (traditional neighborhoods). Ahmedabad’s integration into India’s Smart Cities Mission further cements its reputation as a forward-looking urban hub that harmonizes heritage with modernity.

With its historical depth, thriving economy, and modern infrastructure, Ahmedabad continues to draw attention as a model city for growth and livability in contemporary India.

History of Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad, or Amdavad, boasts a fascinating history rooted in its transformation from an ancient tribal settlement to a thriving urban hub. Archaeological relics and historical accounts suggest the city’s origins date back to the Bhil tribe’s settlement, known as Ashaval.

Early Origins

The Persian historian Al-Biruni and Indian texts provide insights into Ashaval, which predates the well-documented medieval history of Ahmedabad. The Solanki ruler Karna of Anhilvada Patan launched a military campaign against Ashaval and subsequently established a settlement nearby, named Karnavati. While Karnavati’s exact location remains unclear, it is regarded as Ahmedabad’s precursor.

Emergence of Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad’s modern history begins in 1411 CE, when Ahmad Shah I, the Gujarat Sultanate’s ruler, transferred the capital from Anhilvada (modern Patan) to Ashaval. Following Islamic tradition, the new capital was renamed Ahmedabad after Sultan Ahmad Shah. This marked the city’s transformation into a cultural and economic hub, fostering the growth of architecture, trade, and learning that symbolized the Gujarat Sultanate’s prosperity.

Significance in Historical Context

Under Ahmad Shah’s leadership, Ahmedabad became an important political and commercial center. Renowned for its exquisite Indo-Islamic architecture and vibrant bazaars, the city played a crucial role in Gujarat’s socio-economic landscape. Its prominence continued under successive dynasties and rulers, shaping Ahmedabad into the heritage-rich and economically vital city it is today.

Early History of Ahmedabad

The area around Ahmedabad has a rich history that traces back to the 11th century, when it was known as Ashaval. This period marks the beginning of a region that witnessed transitions of power and cultural amalgamations, leading to the founding of one of India’s most historically significant cities.

Foundations in Ashaval and Karnavati

During the 11th century, Ashaval was ruled by the Bhil tribe, who controlled the forested and fertile lands along the Sabarmati River. The Solanki (Chaulukya) ruler of Anhilwara (modern Patan), Karna, launched a victorious military campaign against the Bhil king. Following this, he established a settlement named Karnavati on the banks of the river. Solanki rule lasted until the 13th century, giving the region its early identity.

Transition to Vaghela and Delhi Sultanate Rule

In the 13th century, the Vaghela dynasty took control of Gujarat, but their dominance was short-lived. By the 14th century, Gujarat became part of the Delhi Sultanate, setting the stage for a new chapter of regional governance. However, towards the early 15th century, Zafar Khan Muzaffar, the local governor, declared independence, founding the Muzaffarid dynasty.

Ahmed Shah and the Founding of Ahmedabad

In 1411 CE, the grandson of Muzaffar Shah, Sultan Ahmed Shah I, sought to establish a new capital and selected a forested area near Karnavati along the Sabarmati River. He laid the foundation for a walled city at Manek Burj on 26 February 1411 and named it Ahmedabad after himself. Some alternative accounts suggest the city may also have been named in honor of four revered saints, all sharing the name Ahmed.

Ahmed Shah, I solidified the city’s foundation by completing the construction of Bhadra Fort with the legendary assistance of Saint Maneknath. Ahmedabad officially became the capital on 4 March 1411. Even today, descendants of Saint Maneknath perform religious rituals at Manek Burj to honor the city’s heritage.

City Fortification by Mahmud Begada

In 1487, Mahmud Begada, the grandson of Ahmed Shah, fortified Ahmedabad with an imposing outer wall. This structure spanned 10 kilometers (6.2 miles), with 12 gates, 189 bastions, and more than 6,000 battlements, defining the boundaries of the medieval city.

Mughal Influence and Prosperity

During the 16th century, Ahmedabad witnessed significant events. Humayun briefly occupied the city in 1535 after capturing Champaner, but it was soon reclaimed by the Muzaffarid dynasty. In 1573, the Mughal emperor Akbar annexed Gujarat, making Ahmedabad a provincial hub. Under Mughal rule, the city flourished as a center for trade, especially textiles, which reached European markets.

Notably, Shah Jahan spent his formative years in Ahmedabad, where he sponsored the construction of the Moti Shahi Mahal in Shahibaug. Despite prosperity, the city faced challenges such as the Deccan Famine (1630–32) and periodic famines in 1650 and 1686.

Transition to Maratha Rule

Ahmedabad remained under Mughal control until 1758, when it fell to the Marathas, signaling another turning point in the city’s history. Each era added to the cultural and historical fabric of Ahmedabad, paving the way for its modern identity.

Modern History of Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad’s modern history is marked by pivotal changes in governance, industry, and social movements, shaping its development from a center of commerce to a vibrant metropolis.

Maratha Rule and British Colonization

During Maratha rule, Ahmedabad became a battleground in the rivalry between the Peshwa of Poona and the Gaekwad of Baroda. In 1780, the city was briefly captured by the British East India Company during the First Anglo-Maratha War but was returned to the Marathas at the war’s end. However, Ahmedabad fell permanently into British hands in 1818 after the Third Anglo-Maratha War.

Under British rule, Ahmedabad’s strategic importance grew. A military cantonment was established in 1824, and a municipal government followed in 1858. The incorporation of Ahmedabad into the Bombay Presidency significantly boosted its trade and connectivity. In 1864, the completion of a railway link between Ahmedabad and Mumbai facilitated commerce, especially in the flourishing textile industry, earning the city the nickname “Manchester of the East.”

Role in the Indian Independence Movement

Ahmedabad played a significant role in India’s struggle for independence. In 1915, Mahatma Gandhi returned to India and established the Kochrab Ashram near Paldi, followed by the Sabarmati Ashram in 1917. Both ashrams became pivotal hubs for the independence movement.

• In 1919, protests erupted in Ahmedabad against the Rowlatt Act, with textile workers setting fire to 51 government buildings.
• The city was also the starting point of Gandhi’s iconic Salt March in 1930 during the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• In 1942, Ahmedabad saw large-scale participation in the Quit India Movement, with citizens bringing the city’s administration and industries to a standstill.

Post-Independence Ahmedabad

The aftermath of India’s independence and partition in 1947 brought immense challenges to Ahmedabad. Communal violence erupted between Hindus and Muslims, leaving scars that would linger in the city’s social fabric. Hindu refugees from Pakistan settled in Ahmedabad, increasing its population and reshaping its economic and cultural dynamics.

In 1960, Ahmedabad was chosen as the capital of the newly created Gujarat state after the bifurcation of the Bombay State. This period marked significant industrial and educational growth, with the establishment of premier institutions that made Ahmedabad a hub for science, technology, and higher education.

Period of Decline and Subsequent Challenges

When the state capital shifted to Gandhinagar in the late 1970s, Ahmedabad experienced a decline. Economic stagnation was accompanied by political unrest:

• The Navnirman agitation of 1974 began as a protest against food price hikes and escalated into a significant movement, toppling Gujarat’s chief minister, Chimanbhai Patel.
• Protests over reservation policies in 1981 and 1985 turned violent, revealing deep-seated caste tensions.

The city suffered major devastation during the 2001 Gujarat earthquake, which led to the collapse of multiple buildings and claimed 752 lives. The tragedy was followed by the 2002 Gujarat riots, during which communal violence led to large-scale loss of life and displacement, especially among the Muslim community.

In 2008, Ahmedabad faced another crisis with a series of 17 bomb blasts, killing and injuring numerous people. The terrorist group Harkat-ul-Jihad claimed responsibility, emphasizing the city’s vulnerability to extremist activities.

Ahmedabad on the Global Stage

Despite setbacks, Ahmedabad has emerged as a city of global significance:

• Hosting international dignitaries like US President Donald Trump during the Namaste Trump event in 2020, as well as earlier visits by China’s Xi Jinping and Canada’s Justin Trudeau, has placed Ahmedabad on the world map.
• The city remains a vibrant economic and cultural hub, blending historical significance with modern aspirations.

Ahmedabad’s modern history reflects its resilience and capacity to adapt, embodying the dynamic spirit of a rapidly transforming India.

Demographics of Ahmedabad

Population Growth

Ahmedabad’s population has grown significantly over the centuries, reflecting its transition from a regional trading hub to a bustling metropolitan city. The population census data highlights this growth:

Year	Population	Growth (%)
1872	119,762	—
1901	185,889	+25.3%
1951	842,643	+41.6%
2001	4,488,237	+35.0%
2011	5,633,927	+25.5%
2023 (Est.)	7,692,000	—

According to the 2011 census, Ahmedabad ranked as the fifth most populous city in India, with a population of 5,577,940. The urban agglomeration surrounding Ahmedabad housed 6.35 million people, making it the seventh largest in India.

The literacy rate is remarkably high, standing at 88.29%, with male literacy at 92.30% and female literacy at 83.85%. The city’s sex ratio was 898 females per 1,000 males, while the child sex ratio was notably lower at 848 females per 1,000 males.

Poverty and Economic Challenges

Ahmedabad’s economic transformation from a textile industry powerhouse to a diversified industrial hub had implications for poverty. In the 1970s and 1980s, competition from automation led to the closure of many textile mills, displacing 40,000–50,000 workers. This period saw a rise in slums as displaced workers and migrants turned to informal housing in search of livelihood opportunities.

Efforts to alleviate urban poverty have shown results. The urban poverty rate declined from 28% in 1993–94 to 10% in 2011–12, aided by the proactive policies of the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) and partnerships with civil society organizations. Projects aimed at improving utilities, sanitation, and housing in slums contributed significantly, but challenges like inequitable access to resources, religious tensions, and urban segregation remain.

Informal Housing and Slums

As of 2011, about 66% of Ahmedabad’s population lived in formal housing, while the remaining 34% resided in slums or chawls (tenements for industrial workers). There were an estimated 700 slum settlements in the city, constituting about 11% of the total housing stock.

The percentage of slum dwellers declined from 25.6% in 1991 to 4.5% in 2011, though local agencies contest these figures, arguing that informal settlements are underestimated. While slum living conditions have improved, the demand for affordable housing remains high due to rising population density and limited housing stock.

Recent Developments

The estimated 2023 population of Ahmedabad city is 7.69 million, while the urban agglomeration area is projected to house 8.77 million people. The ongoing delay in the 2021 census leaves the most recent estimates as placeholders for future planning.

Ahmedabad’s trajectory reveals a city grappling with rapid growth, striving to balance its rich historical identity with modern urban challenges. Through strategic planning and inclusive policies, the city continues its journey toward becoming a dynamic, globally competitive metropolis.

Slum Networking Project (SNP) in Ahmedabad

The Slum Networking Project (SNP), also known as Parivartan (Change), emerged in the 1990s as a response to rising slum populations and inadequate access to basic services. The Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC), in collaboration with civil society organizations (CSOs), designed the project to improve living conditions in 60 slums, positively impacting around 13,000 households.

Goals and Initiatives

The SNP aimed to address issues like unreliable access to water, sanitation, and electricity. Key components of the project included:

• Provision of Physical Infrastructure: Installation of water supply systems, sewage connections, individual toilets, paved roads, stormwater drainage, and tree planting.
• Community Development: Formation of resident associations and women’s groups, vocational training, and health interventions.

The project relied on participatory planning, making slum residents partners alongside the AMC, NGOs, private institutions, and microfinance lenders. To ensure sustainability, each household contributed 12% or less of the upgrading costs.

Financial Breakdown

The total project cost was ₹4,350 million, with contributions from:

• Community members and the private sector: ₹600 million
• NGOs: ₹90 million
• AMC: The remainder of the cost

Participating households were also granted de facto tenure of ten years, offering a degree of security and incentivizing participation.

Impact and Challenges

The project significantly improved living conditions:

• Health Benefits: Reduction in water-borne diseases and improved health outcomes.
• Economic Growth: Increased working hours as many residents operate businesses from their homes.
• Education: Improved school attendance rates among children.

However, issues persisted, such as the community’s capacity to maintain infrastructure and a loss of trust when two upgraded slums were demolished to make way for recreational parks.

In recognition of its success, the project was awarded the 2006 UNHABITAT Dubai International Award for Best Practices to Improve the Living Environment.

Religion and Ethnicity in Ahmedabad

Religious Demographics

According to the 2011 Census, Ahmedabad is predominantly Hindu, with 81.56% of the population identifying as Hindu. Other religious communities include:

• Muslims: 13.51%
• Jains: 3.62%
• Christians: 0.85%
• Sikhs, Buddhists, and others: 0.48%

Historical data reveal a gradual increase in Hindu predominance, while the proportion of Muslims has decreased since the late 19th century. The city also has smaller populations of Parsis, Sindhis, Bene Israel Jews, and a significant Marathi community.

Languages Spoken

In the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation area (2011):

• Gujarati was spoken by 68.44% of the population.
• Hindi: 19.49%
• Urdu: 3.47%
• Sindhi: 2.24%
• Marathi: 2.02%
• Marwari: 1.90%

These linguistic and religious diversities reflect Ahmedabad’s cosmopolitan heritage, shaped by centuries of migration and trade.

Cultural Landmarks and Communities

The Cathedral of Our Lady of Mount Carmel in Mirzapur serves as the seat of the Diocese of Ahmedabad, representing the Christian community. The city is also home to one synagogue, maintaining the presence of the Jewish community.

This dynamic blend of religious, ethnic, and linguistic identities creates a vibrant cultural tapestry, contributing to Ahmedabad’s unique urban character.

Geography of Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad, a prominent city in western India, lies at an elevation of 53 meters (174 feet) above sea level along the banks of the Sabarmati River, in the north-central part of Gujarat. Spanning an area of 505 km² (195 sq mi), Ahmedabad features distinct geographical attributes shaped by its arid surroundings and historical water management initiatives.

Topography and Climate

The city is predominantly flat, with the exception of the small hills of Thaltej-Jodhpur Tekra. Historically, the Sabarmati River would dry up during summers, leaving behind a mere trickle of water. However, the Sabarmati Riverfront Project has transformed this perennial issue by channeling waters from the Narmada River into the Sabarmati, ensuring a consistent flow throughout the year and alleviating water scarcity problems.

The presence of three lakes—Kankaria, Vastrapur, and Chandola—adds to the city’s landscape. The artificial Kankaria Lake, constructed in 1451 by Sultan Qutb-ud-din, is particularly notable for its historical significance and as a popular tourist destination.

Ahmedabad lies in Seismic Zone 3, indicating a moderate vulnerability to earthquakes on a scale of 2 to 5.

Old and New Ahmedabad

The Sabarmati River divides Ahmedabad into two distinct regions:

• Eastern Ahmedabad: This area encompasses the old city, characterized by bustling bazaars, the historic Bhadra fort, and the unique pols.
  • Pols: These are compact housing clusters built based on caste, profession, or religion. Rich in cultural heritage, the pols of Ahmedabad have contributed to the city’s inclusion on UNESCO’s Tentative Heritage List, celebrated for their intricate architecture and historical significance. The Mahurat Pol was the first established pol in the city.

The old city also houses important institutions such as the main railway station and post office, as well as heritage structures from the Muzaffarid and British eras.

• Western Ahmedabad: This region, developed during the colonial era, expanded after the construction of the Ellis Bridge in 1875 and later the Nehru Bridge. It is characterized by modern infrastructure, including educational institutions, business hubs along Ashram Road, C. G. Road, and the Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, as well as malls, multiplexes, and residential neighborhoods.

Sabarmati Riverfront

One of the most notable urban development projects in Ahmedabad, the Sabarmati Riverfront transformed the riverbanks into a thriving public space. Initially proposed in the 1960s, construction began in 2005, culminating in its opening in 2012. This waterfront project enhanced connectivity across the river via nine bridges, offering both recreational and urban development benefits.

The city’s geographical and cultural layout serves as a perfect blend of its historic past and modern ambitions, with sustained efforts toward environmental preservation, urban development, and heritage conservation.

Climate of Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad experiences a hot semi-arid climate characterized by intense heat and scarce rainfall, just below the threshold for a tropical savanna climate. The city undergoes three primary seasons: summer, monsoon, and winter.

Seasonal Overview

• Summer (March to June):
  Ahmedabad is known for its scorching summers, with average maximum temperatures peaking at 43°C (109°F). Nights are relatively warm, with minimums averaging 24°C (75°F). This season brings extremely dry conditions, further amplifying the intense heat.
• Monsoon (Mid-June to Mid-September):
  The southwest monsoon ushers in a much-needed respite with humidity and rains, accounting for the majority of the city’s annual rainfall. The average annual rainfall is 800 mm (31 in), though sporadic torrential rains can cause localized flooding. Conversely, monsoon failures may lead to droughts.
• Winter (November to February):
  Winters are mild and pleasant, with average maximum temperatures of 30°C (86°F) and minimums dropping to 13°C (55°F). Occasionally, cold northern winds create a slight chill, particularly in January.

The city’s highest recorded temperature of 48°C (118°F) occurred on May 20, 2016, while winter lows can drop to 2°C (36°F).

Heat Action Plan

In response to devastating heat waves like the one in May 2010 that claimed numerous lives, the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) launched the Ahmedabad Heat Action Plan. This comprehensive initiative, the first of its kind in Asia, focuses on raising awareness, sharing critical heat-related information, and mobilizing resources to combat the adverse effects of extreme heat.

Key features include:

1. Community Education: Building public awareness about the health risks posed by heat.
2. Medical Training: Equipping healthcare and community workers to treat and prevent heat-related illnesses.
3. Emergency Response: Establishing coordinated inter-agency protocols for heat emergencies.
4. Vulnerable Populations: Special focus on safeguarding high-risk groups, including children, the elderly, and outdoor workers.

Clean Air and Climate Rankings

Despite its challenges, Ahmedabad has been proactive in addressing environmental concerns. It was ranked the 7th best “National Clean Air City” in the 2024 Swachh Vayu Survekshan, within the category of Indian cities with populations exceeding one million.

With forward-looking policies and growing awareness, Ahmedabad continues to balance its climatic challenges while promoting a sustainable and resilient urban environment.

Cityscape

Ahmedabad is a harmonious blend of historical marvels and modern architecture, showcasing its rich cultural and architectural heritage. The city’s historical development is deeply intertwined with the vision of Ahmed Shah, who fused Hindu craftsmanship and Persian architecture, leading to the creation of the Indo-Saracenic style. This style is prominently reflected in the city’s mosques, like the Sidi Saiyyed Mosque, famous for its intricately carved stone latticework windows, known as jalis. The grand private mansions, or havelis, in Ahmedabad display exquisite carvings, highlighting the city’s artistic legacy.

In contrast to its historical structures, modern Ahmedabad boasts innovative architectural achievements. Renowned architects such as Louis Kahn, Le Corbusier, and Frank Lloyd Wright contributed significantly to the city’s skyline. Landmarks like the Indian Institute of Management (IIM-A), Shodhan and Sarabhai Villas, the Sanskar Kendra, and the Mill Owners’ Association Building are iconic examples. Later additions by architects like B.V. Doshi, who established CEPT and designed structures like Sangath and Amdavad ni Gufa, solidified Ahmedabad as a hub of architectural ingenuity.

The city also features several meticulously designed gardens, such as Law Garden, known for its vibrant handloom markets; Victoria Garden, showcasing a statue of Queen Victoria; and Bal Vatika, a delightful children’s park located at Kankaria Lake. These green spaces, along with others like Parimal Garden and Prahlad Nagar Garden, add to the city’s charm.

Lakes and Waterbodies
Ahmedabad is home to prominent lakes, each adding scenic beauty and recreational opportunities. Kankaria Lake, created in 1451 CE, is one of the largest and most famous, offering attractions like an amusement park and zoo. Vastrapur Lake, redeveloped in 2002, is a green oasis surrounded by paved walkways. Other significant water bodies include the sprawling Chandola Lake, renowned for its diverse birdlife, and Naroda Lake, an emerging leisure spot. The Sabarmati Riverfront, a modern urban development, stands out as an impressive recreational and cultural hub, blending nature with infrastructure.

Cultural Gems
The Jama Mosque, Hutheesing Jain Temple, and the pol areas of Old Ahmedabad exemplify the city’s cultural and religious diversity. The pols are intricately structured housing clusters, preserving traditional community living. Additionally, Ahmedabad hosts Dastan Farm, the world’s largest collection of antique cars, reflecting a mix of cultural and historical preservation.

To address urban challenges, the Ahmedabad City Police initiated steps like installing outdoor air purifiers near traffic-heavy zones to ensure better air quality. These efforts reflect the city’s commitment to preserving its heritage while adapting to modern demands.

Ahmedabad continues to evolve, with its rich past serving as an inspiration for its progressive present, making it a city where tradition meets innovation seamlessly.

Civic Administration

Ahmedabad serves as the administrative headquarters of Ahmedabad district and is governed by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC). Established in July 1950 under the Bombay Provincial Corporation Act of 1949, the AMC oversees a wide range of municipal responsibilities. The AMC Commissioner, an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer appointed by the state government, exercises executive authority. However, the mayor of Ahmedabad, elected by the city’s residents, acts as the ceremonial head. The current civic structure consists of 192 municipal councillors, who are directly elected by citizens and in turn select the mayor and deputy mayor.

Civic Responsibilities and Achievements
The AMC’s responsibilities include the management of water supply, sewerage services, primary education, health services, fire safety, public transportation, and urban infrastructure. Reflecting its efficiency, the AMC was ranked 9th out of 21 Indian cities for governance and administrative practices in 2014, achieving a score of 3.4 out of 10, slightly above the national average. Despite its governance efforts, Ahmedabad witnesses two road accidents per hour, highlighting areas that require improvement in public safety and infrastructure management.

Zoning and Urban Development
The city is divided into seven administrative zones, which are further subdivided into 48 wards, each managed under the supervision of the AMC. Additionally, the Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA) administers the suburban and urban areas outside the AMC’s jurisdiction.

Representation and Judiciary
Ahmedabad is represented in the Lok Sabha (lower house of the Indian Parliament) by two members and has 21 representatives in the Gujarat Vidhan Sabha (state legislative assembly). The city also holds a prominent position as Gujarat’s judicial capital, being home to the Gujarat High Court, which is an important pillar in the state’s legal framework.

Public Safety and Law Enforcement
Public safety is maintained by the Ahmedabad City Police, led by a Police Commissioner, an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer. This department ensures law and order in the city, tackling urban challenges such as traffic management and crime prevention effectively.

Public Services
Ahmedabad is notable for its provision of essential services. Health services are centered around the Ahmedabad Civil Hospital, Asia’s largest such facility, which plays a critical role in delivering advanced medical care to millions.
Energy needs are managed by Torrent Power Limited, which oversees power generation and distribution. Remarkably, Ahmedabad is one of the few Indian cities with a privatised electricity sector, a distinction that ensures efficient and uninterrupted power supply.

With well-structured civic administration and committed public service, Ahmedabad continues to evolve as a model city, balancing its traditional roots with contemporary governance mechanisms. However, addressing urban challenges such as traffic safety and environmental sustainability remains crucial for its future development.

Culture

Ahmedabad’s culture is a harmonious blend of ancient traditions, vibrant festivals, and modern-day influences. The city is celebrated for its rich architecture, which showcases the Indo-Saracenic and Islamic styles, as well as its community-oriented housing patterns. This unique urban structure contributes to its identity, while the city’s deep-rooted mercantile culture, associated with the Gujarati business community, also defines Ahmedabad’s lifestyle. The people of the city actively participate in a wide array of cultural celebrations, which play an essential role in uniting its diverse population.

Festivals and Celebrations
Ahmedabad hosts a spectacular range of festivals throughout the year. Some of the most anticipated celebrations include Uttarayan, the famous kite-flying festival that takes place on 14th and 15th January, marking the onset of the harvest season. The Navratri festival, one of the most significant Hindu festivals in India, brings the city to life for nine nights with traditional Garba dances performed by people in colourful attire at various venues across Ahmedabad.

Another vibrant event in Ahmedabad is the Rath Yatra procession, a grand affair observed in the Jagannath Temple, usually on the Ashadh-sud-bij date of the Hindu calendar. Ahmedabad, however, is not just about Hindu festivals. It also celebrates major pan-Indian events such as Diwali, Holi, and Muharram, along with Christmas. The diversity of Ahmedabad’s culture is reflected in its inter-religious observances and festive traditions.

Cuisine
When it comes to food, Ahmedabad offers a delightful spread of traditional Gujarati delicacies that reflect the region’s culture and religious customs. One of the city’s most famous dishes is the Gujarati thali, first served commercially by Chandvilas Hotel in 1900. A typical thali includes roti (chapati), dal, rice, and shaak (vegetables), along with condiments like pickles and roasted papads. Sweet dishes such as laddoo, mango, and vedhmi are integral to the cuisine, while dhoklas, theplas, and dhebras are beloved snacks in Ahmedabad.

The culinary culture of Ahmedabad places a significant emphasis on vegetarianism, which is prevalent due to the influence of the Jain and Hindu communities. This commitment to vegetarian cuisine has led to the opening of India’s first all-vegetarian Pizza Hut in Ahmedabad, as well as adaptations in global fast-food chains like McDonald’s and KFC, where vegetarian items are prepared separately to respect local customs.

The local street food in Ahmedabad is a remarkable treat, particularly in areas like Manek Chowk, a market that transforms into an evening food haven, drawing large crowds with its delectable local offerings. Here, visitors can indulge in dishes like chats, fritters, and sweets. In some of the older parts of the city, you can also find Mughlai non-vegetarian food that offers a flavorful contrast to the city’s predominantly vegetarian cuisine.

Notably, Ahmedabad is recognized as India’s most vegan-friendly city of 2024 by Peta India, thanks to the many vegan restaurants and businesses that cater to this growing community. This designation reflects the city’s inclusive attitude toward dietary preferences and lifestyle choices.

Beverages
In terms of beverages, the city’s residents love to sip on buttermilk and tea, which are often paired with meals or enjoyed during social gatherings. Despite the strong presence of the vegetarian food culture, one notable aspect of Ahmedabad’s civic regulations is that alcohol consumption is prohibited, as Gujarat is a dry state. Nonetheless, the city thrives with an abundance of diverse food experiences that cater to different tastes and preferences.

Art & Crafts

Ahmedabad is known for its rich tradition of folk art and craft, where skilled artisans continue to create timeless pieces of cultural significance. These crafts are often passed down through generations, preserving the unique artistic practices of the city. One of the most notable art forms is the tie-dyed Bandhini produced by artisans in Rangeela pol, where delicate and intricate designs are created on fabrics using a process of tying and dyeing. The traditional mojdi (mojri) footwear, sold in the cobbler shops of Madhupura, is another example of Ahmedabad’s craftsmanship. These handcrafted shoes are a staple in local culture and make popular souvenirs for visitors.

In the Gulbai Tekra area, artisans specialize in making idols of Hindu deities, especially Ganesha, and other religious icons. There has been a growing shift towards eco-friendly idols in recent years, due to increasing awareness about the environmental impact of immersing traditional plaster-of-Paris idols in the Sabarmati River. This transition reflects Ahmedabad’s ongoing commitment to environmental sustainability while retaining its rich cultural practices.

Handicrafts at Law Garden
The Law Garden area is renowned for its market stalls that sell mirrorwork handicrafts, showcasing Ahmedabad’s deep connection to intricate needlework traditions. These mirror-embellished textiles, used in clothing and decorative pieces, add a unique sparkle to the city’s fabric of craftsmanship.

Literature and Music
Ahmedabad’s dedication to promoting Gujarati literature is evident in its significant literary institutions, such as the Gujarat Vidhya Sabha, Gujarati Sahitya Parishad, and Gujarat Sahitya Sabha. These institutions have played a pivotal role in the preservation and promotion of Gujarati language and literature.

In the world of music, the Saptak School of Music Festival, which takes place during the first week of the new year, draws large audiences. Inaugurated by renowned sitar maestro Ravi Shankar, the festival celebrates classical Indian music and attracts talented musicians and music lovers from around the world.

Museums and Galleries
Ahmedabad is home to several art, history, and cultural museums. The Sanskar Kendra, designed by famed architect Le Corbusier, serves as an important museum and cultural space where the city’s historical evolution, artistic traditions, and architectural milestones are displayed. Other significant landmarks include the Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorial, which offer deep insights into the lives of two of Gujarat’s most influential leaders and their roles in India’s independence movement.

The Calico Museum of Textiles is a prominent institution in Ahmedabad, housing an extensive collection of Indian and international textiles, clothing, and garments. A treasure trove for those interested in fabrics and textiles, it showcases the rich weaving tradition of the Indian subcontinent.

Another key collection is the Hazrat Pir Mohammad Shah Library, which holds rare manuscripts in several languages, including Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Sindhi, and Turkish, making it an important destination for those interested in historical literature.

Cultural and Interactive Spaces
The Conflictorium is a unique art space that uses interactive installations to delve into the dynamics of social conflict, encouraging a dialogue around contentious issues through creative expression. Additionally, the Shreyas Foundation is a cultural hub that houses multiple museums, including the Shreyas Folk Museum, showcasing Gujarati art and culture, and the Kalpana Mangaldas Children’s Museum, which holds a variety of toys, puppets, and other cultural artifacts.

Jain and Indian Cultural Heritage
The L. D. Institute of Indology is one of Ahmedabad’s most significant cultural institutions, housing over 76,000 hand-written Jain manuscripts—the largest collection in the world. Additionally, it displays a rich array of Indian sculptures, miniature paintings, cloth paintings, and various artifacts from Tibet and Nepal. The museum is instrumental in preserving and promoting Jain culture and Indian art history.

The N. C. Mehta Gallery of Miniature Paintings is another key destination, displaying miniature paintings from all over India. This collection serves as a tribute to the artistry and fine detail that defines Indian art.

Darpana Academy of Performing Arts
Founded in 1949 by Dr. Vikram Sarabhai and Bharat Natyam dancer Mrinalini Sarabhai, the Darpana Academy of Performing Arts has played an essential role in transforming Ahmedabad into a center for Indian classical dance. Over the decades, the academy has inspired generations of dancers, musicians, and actors, making Ahmedabad an important hub for traditional performing arts in India.

Education in Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad, known for its diverse cultural fabric, is also home to a vibrant and extensive educational ecosystem. The city offers a comprehensive range of primary, secondary, and higher educational opportunities, with a significant presence of both public and private institutions.

Primary and Secondary Education

In Ahmedabad, primary and secondary schools cater to various educational needs through both public and private systems. Public schools are operated by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC), while private institutions are run by various entities, trusts, and corporations. The majority of schools follow the curriculum set by the Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board (GSHSEB), though many other prestigious boards are represented, such as the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), International Baccalaureate (IB), and the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS). The city is known for its diverse and well-established school infrastructure, catering to a wide array of learning needs and international academic standards.

Higher Education and Research Institutions

Ahmedabad is a hub of higher education and research, attracting students from across India and abroad. The city boasts several prominent educational institutions with a focus on engineering, management, design, and social sciences.

Gujarat College

Founded in 1860, Gujarat College is the oldest higher educational institution in Ahmedabad, serving as a foundation for quality education.

Gujarat University

One of the key universities in the city, Gujarat University was established in 1949 and is the academic backbone for the city’s large student population. It has 286 affiliated colleges, 22 recognized institutions, and 36 postgraduate departments, offering a broad range of undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs across multiple disciplines.

IGNOU (Indira Gandhi National Open University)

IGNOU is a pivotal institution, providing access to higher education through Open Distance Learning (ODL) programs. With 290 ODL programs and 40+ online programs, it serves as an accessible platform for students living in Ahmedabad and across India.

Other State Universities

Several other significant state-run universities are located in Ahmedabad:

• Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University, offering flexible distance education options

• Gujarat Technological University, focusing on technical education and innovation
• Kaushalya Skill University, which caters to skill development and vocational training.

Private Universities

In addition to the state universities, Ahmedabad is home to many prestigious private universities that provide diverse academic offerings:

• Ahmedabad University, known for its focus on interdisciplinary and high-quality education
• CEPT University (formerly the Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology), renowned for its design, architecture, and urban planning programs
• Nirma University, a well-established name in engineering and management education
• Indus University, GLS University, and Silver Oak University also contribute to the city’s burgeoning educational landscape.

Institutes of National Importance

Ahmedabad hosts two of India’s top Institutes of National Importance:

• Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (IIM-A): Consistently ranked among the best business schools in India and globally, IIM-A is known for producing some of the country’s top business leaders.

• National Institute of Design (NID): An acclaimed institute for design education, NID has trained leading designers in a range of fields, from industrial design to graphic design.

Research Institutions

Ahmedabad also plays a pivotal role in cutting-edge research through institutions like the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), established in 1947 by the prominent scientist and space pioneer Vikram Sarabhai. PRL conducts research in astronomy, physics, earth sciences, and space exploration, contributing significantly to India’s space programs.

Another key research facility in Ahmedabad is the Ahmedabad Textile Industry’s Research Association (ATIRA). Established in 1947, ATIRA focuses on applied research and innovations in the textile industry, helping to strengthen India’s position in the global textile sector.

Media in Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad, being one of India’s most influential cities, boasts a thriving media landscape that includes a mix of print media, radio, television, and digital media outlets. The city’s rich history in media dates back to the establishment of the Navajivan Publishing House in 1919, founded by Mahatma Gandhi to promote education and social awareness.

Print Media

Ahmedabad hosts a broad spectrum of newspapers, catering to audiences across different languages and communities. The city is home to well-known English dailies such as:

• The Times of India
• Indian Express
• DNA
• The Economic Times
• The Financial Express
• Ahmedabad Mirror
• Metro

These newspapers serve as leading sources of information for a large urban population, covering a range of topics from national and international news to local updates on economy, politics, and entertainment.

In addition to English-language publications, the city also features influential newspapers in Gujarati and other regional languages, such as:

• Divya Bhaskar
• Gujarat Samachar
• Sandesh
• Rajasthan Patrika
• Sambhaav
• Aankhodekhi

These regional dailies hold significant sway over the local audience and are a vital part of the city’s daily information consumption.

Broadcasting and Radio

In the realm of radio broadcasting, Ahmedabad is a key media hub in Gujarat. The city hosts the state-owned All India Radio Ahmedabad, which provides programming on both medium wave and FM bands (96.7 MHz). This is complemented by several private local FM radio stations, including:

• Radio City (91.1 MHz)
• Red FM (93.5 MHz)
• My FM (94.3 MHz)
• Radio One (95.0 MHz)
• Radio Mirchi (98.3 MHz)
• Mirchi Love (104 MHz)

These FM stations play a major role in the entertainment and news sectors, offering everything from music and talk shows to the latest updates on events and news.

One of the notable features of Ahmedabad’s media landscape is the presence of Gyan Vani (104.5 MHz), an educational FM station that operates under the media cooperation model, and has been instrumental in providing informative and educational content for the public.

In addition to commercial stations, Gujarat University launched Gujarat University Radio in March 2012, becoming the first campus radio service in the state and the fifth in India, marking a significant milestone in local broadcasting.

Television Broadcasting

For television content, Ahmedabad has a broad mix of options. Doordarshan, the state-owned television broadcaster, provides free terrestrial channels for the city. The presence of multi-system operators (MSOs) like InCablenet, Siti Cable, and GTPL means that viewers have access to a variety of Gujarati, Hindi, English, and other regional channels through cable.

Television in Ahmedabad remains a preferred mode of entertainment, news, and education, offering both traditional broadcasts as well as online streaming alternatives in the digital age.

Telecommunication and Digital Services

As for telecommunications, Ahmedabad has a strong presence of both landline and mobile services, provided by key operators like:

• Jio
• BSNL Mobile
• Airtel
• Vodafone Idea

These services ensure smooth connectivity for residents and businesses alike, further enhancing the city’s media infrastructure.

Economy of Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad is a major economic hub in India, known for its diverse industries and strong industrial base. The city’s economy has evolved over time, with key contributions from sectors such as textiles, pharmaceuticals, automobile manufacturing, information technology (IT), and infrastructure development.

Economic Growth and Financial Overview

In 2014, Ahmedabad’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was estimated at $64 billion, showcasing its important role in the Indian economy. It ranks as the seventh largest deposit center and seventh largest credit center in India, as of June 2012, reflecting its growing financial sector. The city’s development has been backed by a combination of traditional industries and newer growth sectors like IT and infrastructure, resulting in a diverse and dynamic economic structure.

Textiles Industry

Ahmedabad has a rich history in the textile industry, which has been a cornerstone of its economy for more than a century. The city’s textile roots trace back to 1861, when Ranchhodlal Chhotalal founded the first Indian textile mill, the Ahmedabad Spinning and Weaving Company Limited. This marked the beginning of the city’s rise as a major player in the textile industry. By 1905, Ahmedabad was home to around 33 textile mills. During World War I, the textile sector rapidly expanded, driven by the Swadeshi movement, which promoted local industries and goods. This period cemented Ahmedabad’s reputation as the “Manchester of the East.”

Today, Ahmedabad remains one of India’s leading textile manufacturing centers and holds the title of the largest denim producer in the country. The city also stands as a significant exporter of gemstones and jewelry, with a global presence in these sectors.

Automobile Industry

In recent years, the automobile industry has contributed significantly to the city’s economy. Major players like Tata Motors, Ford, Suzuki, and Peugeot have set up manufacturing units around Ahmedabad. The city’s proximity to major infrastructure and a skilled workforce has helped it emerge as an important center for vehicle production and automobile engineering.

Pharmaceuticals and Corporate Headquarters

Ahmedabad is also a key player in India’s pharmaceutical sector. Home to major pharmaceutical companies like Zydus Lifesciences and Torrent Pharmaceuticals, the city contributes extensively to India’s health and medical industries. The Nirma Group, known for its detergent and chemical products, also has its headquarters in Ahmedabad, further diversifying the local economy.

Information Technology and Education

Over the past few decades, Ahmedabad has seen rapid growth in the information technology (IT) sector. Companies like Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) have established significant offices in the city. A 2002 NASSCOM survey ranked Ahmedabad fifth among India’s top nine cities for IT-enabled services, highlighting its competitive position within the industry. The city’s educational institutions, such as Indian Institute of Management (IIM Ahmedabad), attract skilled young professionals from across the country, further fostering its growth in various sectors.

Other Key Sectors

• Adani Group, an infrastructure and trading giant, also calls Ahmedabad home, driving growth in sectors like ports, energy, and logistics.
• The pharmaceutical and biopharma sectors have expanded significantly with the presence of companies like Cadila Healthcare, Rasna, Wagh Bakri, and Intas Biopharmaceuticals, strengthening the city’s industrial profile.
• Ahmedabad is recognized as the second-largest cotton textile center in India, after Mumbai, with a robust manufacturing base serving both domestic and international markets.

Infrastructure Projects and Industrial Growth

Ahmedabad has benefitted from several infrastructure projects, particularly the Sardar Sarovar Project, which has significantly improved the supply of potable water and electricity to the city. Additionally, Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation (GIDC) has acquired land in the Sanand taluka to establish new industrial estates, paving the way for further industrial and economic growth in the region.

Infrastructure in Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad, an essential metropolitan city in India, has made tremendous strides in developing infrastructure that supports its rapid urbanization and growing economic significance. The city’s well-established systems of transportation, sports facilities, and its ongoing pursuit of global recognition showcase its dynamic infrastructure landscape.

Transportation Infrastructure

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport
The Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport is Ahmedabad’s primary air transport hub, serving domestic and international flights. It is located in the Hansol area and is operated by the Adani Group. This airport plays a crucial role in connecting Ahmedabad with other global cities, fostering tourism and business connections. Additionally, a major infrastructure project, the Dholera International Airport, situated 110 km southwest of the city, is under construction and is expected to be completed by 2025.

Railway Network
Ahmedabad’s rail network is managed under the Western Railway zone of Indian Railways, with the Ahmedabad Junction Railway Station (Kalupur) being the city’s busiest and primary rail hub. The station serves as a connection point for passengers traveling to major cities across India. The Chandlodiya, Gandhigram, Maninagar, and Sabarmati Junction railway stations are also vital parts of Ahmedabad’s extensive rail system, ensuring connectivity within the city and neighboring regions.

Metro Rail System
In a push towards modernizing public transport, Ahmedabad inaugurated the Ahmedabad Metro in March 2019. With two main routes—the East-West and North-South corridors—spanning over 40 kilometers, the Metro provides an efficient and modern alternative for commuting. It has been successful in attracting significant ridership, with a daily count of around 90,000 passengers. The second phase, linking Motera Stadium to Mahatma Mandir in Gandhinagar, is under construction and is expected to be completed by 2026.

Public Transport Systems
Ahmedabad boasts an expansive public transit system consisting of both bus services and the Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS). The BRTS, known as Janmarg, was launched in 2009 and operates over 19 routes with a fleet of 325 buses. The Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service (AMTS) provides bus services on 149 routes with a fleet of 700 buses. Both of these services play an essential role in catering to the daily travel needs of the city’s growing population. Additionally, the AmdaBike bicycle-sharing program, introduced in 2019, has also become a popular choice, providing last-mile connectivity with over 4,000 bicycles available at 300 stations.

Road Connectivity
Ahmedabad is well-connected by an expansive network of roads, including National Highway 48, which connects it to New Delhi and Mumbai. The city is further linked to Vadodara via National Expressway 1, a 94 km-long expressway that is part of India’s Golden Quadrilateral project. However, historically, the city faced challenges related to air pollution, a concern that was largely addressed by converting the fleet of auto rickshaws to compressed natural gas (CNG) in 2008.

Sports Infrastructure

Narendra Modi Stadium (Motera Stadium)
Ahmedabad’s Narendra Modi Stadium, formerly known as the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium, stands as the largest cricket stadium in the world by seating capacity, with 132,000 seats. This stadium is a key venue for international cricket, having hosted matches during Cricket World Cups in 1987, 1996, 2011, and 2023. The stadium continues to host domestic cricket tournaments and is also the home ground for the Gujarat Titans in the Indian Premier League (IPL).

In addition to its cricketing stature, the city also boasts various other sports facilities including the Mithakhali Multi-Sports Complex and an international kart racing track that follows Formula One design principles. Ahmedabad’s prominence in hosting national games in sports like kabaddi, shooting, and roller skating further emphasizes its role as a hub for sports development in India.

Marathons and International Events

Sabarmati Marathon
Ahmedabad hosts several sporting events, one of the most popular being the Sabarmati Marathon, held every year during December–January. The marathon includes multiple categories like the full marathon, half-marathon, and a 7 km dream run for people with disabilities. The event attracts participants from across the globe and contributes to the city’s vibrant sporting culture.

In addition, the city has played host to national level events like the Kabaddi World Cup (2016) and the Adani Ahmedabad Marathon, which has grown in popularity since its inception in 2017.

Olympic Bid for 2036

In a bid to further boost its global sports profile, Ahmedabad has been shortlisted as a potential host for the 2036 Summer Olympics. The Gujarat state government has proposed the development of 33 sites around the city, designed to accommodate Olympic sports infrastructure. This development is backed by international consultants and a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) formed by the state government to manage the logistics of the bid.

The Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium‘s potential role in the bid is under consideration, with plans to upgrade the existing stadium and surrounding infrastructure to meet Olympic standards. The 2036 Olympic Games bid aims to position Ahmedabad not only as a sports hub in India but also as a significant player in global sports infrastructure.

International Relations of Ahmedabad: Twin Towns and Sister Cities

Ahmedabad, a key city in India, not only plays a significant role domestically but also has international ties through various sister city arrangements. These relationships promote mutual understanding, economic exchange, cultural collaboration, and strategic development initiatives between Ahmedabad and its sister cities across the globe.

Sister Cities of Ahmedabad

Astrakhan, Russia
Ahmedabad’s partnership with Astrakhan, a historic city located in southern Russia, reflects a unique cultural exchange between two regions with rich histories. The relationship was formalized to encourage cooperation in areas such as trade, education, and technology. Both cities seek to strengthen diplomatic ties and explore avenues for mutual growth.

Columbus, United States
Since 2008, Ahmedabad has had a sister city partnership with Columbus, Ohio, a vibrant city in the United States. This collaboration focuses on enhancing business and educational exchanges, facilitating technology transfers, and sharing best practices in urban development. Both cities benefit from shared experiences in economic growth and innovation.

Guangzhou, China
In September 2014, Ahmedabad established a sister city relationship with Guangzhou, one of China’s most prosperous and dynamic cities. This agreement underscores efforts to deepen economic, cultural, and educational ties. The collaboration has opened avenues for trade and investment between the cities and promotes shared urban growth strategies.

Jersey City, United States
Ahmedabad also shares a strong bond with Jersey City, New Jersey, since the formal partnership in 1994. This relationship fosters exchanges between the cities in sectors such as business development, tourism, and cultural understanding. As both cities are characterized by significant ethnic diversity, they work together to promote inclusivity and intercommunity dialogue.

Conclusion

Ahmedabad’s sister city relationships with Astrakhan, Columbus, Guangzhou, and Jersey City enrich its international connections and open doors for collaboration in various fields, including commerce, education, and culture. These global ties enable the city to integrate with international networks and provide mutual benefits in terms of development, tourism, and economic growth.

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