Tirupati

All about Tirupati

Tirupati, located in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, is a city known for its religious and cultural heritage. It serves as the administrative headquarters of Tirupati district and is renowned for being the home of the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple, one of the most visited Hindu pilgrimage sites in India. This temple is particularly significant as it is one of the eight Svayam Vyakta Kshetras dedicated to the deity Vishnu. The city is also known for several other historic temples, making it a major center for religious tourism.

Tirupati is situated approximately 150 km from Chennai, 250 km from Bangalore, and 406 km from Amaravati, making it easily accessible from several key cities in Southern India. The city is the second-largest in the Rayalaseema region after Kurnool. According to the 2011 census, Tirupati had a population of 287,035, ranking it as the ninth most populous city in Andhra Pradesh. The larger urban agglomeration of Tirupati had a population of 459,985, positioning it as the seventh largest city in the state.

Tirupati: A Geological and Spiritual Hub of Andhra Pradesh

Tirupati functions as a municipal corporation and is the headquarters for several important administrative units, including the Tirupati district, Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams, and the Tirupati Urban Development Authority (TUDA). The city is also the hub for the Tirupati revenue division and the Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution Company Limited (APSPDCL).

In 2012–2013, Tirupati was recognized by India’s Ministry of Tourism as the “Best Heritage City” and was selected as one of the hundred cities to be developed under the Smart Cities Mission, an initiative aimed at modernizing urban infrastructure and improving the quality of life for residents.

The name Tirupati has a Dravidian origin, where “tiru” means sacred or honorable, often associated with Lakshmi, and “pati” is a Sanskrit word meaning abode or husband. This reflects the city’s deep spiritual significance, particularly related to the deity Vishnu. Tirupati (and Tirumala) is also referred to as Pushpa-mandapa in the Acharya-Hrdayam (13th century).

With its historical importance, religious significance, and growing urban development, Tirupati remains a prominent city in Andhra Pradesh, attracting millions of visitors each year.

Historical Overview

Significance in Puranas

1. Treta Yuga Connection:
   • According to the Varaha Purana, Lord Rama, along with Sita and Lakshmana, stayed at Tirupati while returning from Lankapuri.
   • This highlights Tirupati’s importance in Hindu mythology, positioning it as a site of deep spiritual resonance.
2. Legend of Balaji and Kubera’s Loan:
   • The Purana narrates that Lord Venkateswara (Balaji) borrowed 1 crore and 11.4 million gold coins from Kubera for his wedding with Padmavathi.
   • Devotees’ Offerings: To this day, devotees visiting the temple offer donations, seen as a contribution to repay this celestial debt.

Ancient History of Tirupati

1. Development under Pallavas:
   • The history of Tirupati dates back to the 6th century, during which the Pallava kings actively contributed to its growth.
   • These efforts established it as a prominent center of Vaishnavism.
2. Spread of Srivaishnavism:
   • In the 11th century, Ramanujacharya, a key Vaishnava philosopher, made Tirupati a base for spreading Srivaishnavism to other parts of Andhra Pradesh.
   • The Srikurmam Temple in Srikakulam features inscriptions testifying to the protection of Srivaishnavas from Tirupati, underscoring its religious and historical prominence.
3. Defense During Muslim Invasions:
   • Tirupati survived the Muslim invasions by agreeing to pay Jizya tax.
   • In the 1300s, the idol from Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple in Srirangam was temporarily moved to Tirupati for safekeeping, safeguarding Hindu traditions during these tumultuous times.

1. Golden Era of Vijayanagara Empire:
   • During the Vijayanagara Empire (15th–17th centuries), rulers like Krishna Deva Raya and Achyuta Deva Raya provided immense wealth and support to the Tirumala temple.
   • Key Contributions:
     • Massive donations in gold and jewels for the construction and maintenance of the Venkateswara Temple.
     • Patronage led to Tirupati’s growth into a religious and cultural center.

Inscriptions in Venkateswara Temple

1. Historical Records in the Temple:
   • The Venkateswara Temple features over 1,150 inscriptions written in Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu, and Kannada. These inscriptions provide a wealth of historical information about the temple’s legacy.
2. Chronology of Inscriptions:
   • Pallava, Chola, and Pandya Dynasties: Contributed 236 inscriptions from the 9th and 10th centuries.
   • Saluva Dynasty: Documented in 169 inscriptions.
   • Vijayanagara Era:
     • 251 inscriptions from the reign of Achyuta Deva Raya.
     • 130 inscriptions from the Sadasiva Raya period.
     • 135 inscriptions from the Aravidu dynasty.

Literary Glorification of Tirupati

1. Songs by Annamacharya:
   • In the 15th century, Tallapaka Annamacharya, the famed Telugu composer, eulogized Tirumala in numerous songs.
   • He described it as a divine place where everything—from rocks to streams and trees—resonates with divinity.
   • A popular verse captures its essence:
     • Kattedura Vaikuntamu Kaanachaina Konda
     • Thettalaya Mahimale Tirumala Konda
     • Translation: “Heaven manifests on the Tirumala hills. Its divine wonders are boundless.”

Formation of Lower Tirupati

1. Early Settlements:
   • Until 1500 CE, no significant human settlement existed in what is today lower Tirupati.
   • A small village called “Kotturu” formed near the Kapilatheertham Road area and later shifted to the surroundings of Govindarajaswamy Temple, consecrated in 1130 CE.
2. Transformation into a City:
   • Over time, this village expanded and became modern Tirupati, thriving around Govindarajaswamy Temple, now a focal point of the city.

Modern History of Tirupati

1. Formation of TTD (1932):
   • In 1932, the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD) was established through the TTD Act of 1932 to oversee the management and development of the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple.
   • The TTD now handles temple administration, visitor facilities, and various religious activities.
2. Cultural Celebrations:
   • Tirupati Utsavam: Jointly organized in 2006 by the Tirupati Urban Development Authority (TUDA) and the TTD, the festival celebrated Tirupati’s history and the contributions of kings to the temple’s development.
3. Fourth World Telugu Conference (2012):

1. This significant cultural event, promoting the Telugu language, was hosted in Tirupati over three days.
2. Indian Science Congress (2017):
   • Tirupati became a hub for modern scientific discourse by hosting the 104th Indian Science Congress (ISCA).

Geography and Location of Tirupati

Geographical Coordinates and Setting

Tirupati is strategically located at 13.65°N, 79.42°E, in the Tirupati district of Andhra Pradesh. Nestled at the base of the Seshachalam Hills within the Eastern Ghats, the city’s geographical surroundings present a blend of natural beauty and historical significance.

• Seshachalam Hills: These ancient hills, dating back to the Precambrian era, dominate the region’s landscape, lending a spectacular backdrop to the city.
• Tirumala: A suburb of Tirupati perched on these hills, it is home to the world-famous Sri Venkateswara Temple, making the area a global spiritual destination.

Water Systems

• The Swarnamukhi River, originating in the Chandragiri Hills, flows through Tirupati and eventually reaches Srikalahasti in the east.
• This river not only sustains the city’s ecological balance but also holds cultural importance due to its proximity to significant pilgrimage sites.

Surrounding Boundaries

• North: Bordered by the Seshachalam Hills, housing landmarks like Tirumala Venkateswara Temple.
• East: Shares boundaries with Srikalahasti, another major spiritual hub.
• South: Adjacent to Puttur, known for its historical and cultural ties.
• West: Neighbored by Pakala, adding to the region’s diverse ecosystem.

Urban Development

Governance by Tirupati Urban Development Authority (TUDA)

The development of Tirupati city and its surroundings is directed by TUDA, which includes:

• Major hubs like Renigunta and Chandragiri.
• Smaller census towns such as Avilala, Settipalle, and Tiruchanur.

This expansion contributes to making Tirupati a blend of spiritual legacy and modern urban progress.

Geological Significance of Tirupati

Eparchaean Unconformity

One of the most prominent features of Tirupati’s geology is the Eparchaean Unconformity, located 12 km along the Tirupati–Tirumala ghat road.

• What It Represents: A globally recognized geological monument, it marks a stratigraphic break separating two rock formations:
  • Nagari Quartzite (Proterozoic Era)
  • Archean granites
• Scientific Recognition: Identified in 2001 as one of the 26 Geological Monuments of India by the Geological Survey of India (GSI).
• Historical Importance: This site is a natural record of Earth’s ancient geological history, attracting researchers and geologists globally.

Silathoranam: The Natural Arch

Located just 1 km from Tirumala Venkateswara Temple, Silathoranam is a geological marvel.

• Structure and Formation:
  • Dimensions: 8 meters wide and 3 meters high.
  • Composed of quartzite rocks from the Cuddapah Supergroup.
  • Estimated Formation Period: During the Middle to Upper Proterozoic era (1600 to 570 Ma).
• Formation Process: Weathered over millennia by natural forces like wind and water, this arch stands as a stunning example of nature’s artistic craftsmanship.
• Cultural Relevance: Often associated with local myths and spirituality, it attracts both pilgrims and tourists alike.

Cultural and Developmental Ecosystem

Connectivity and Surrounding Towns

• Tirupati’s cultural identity is reinforced by its proximity to historical towns like Srikalahasti, Chandragiri, and pilgrimage hubs in the Eastern Ghats region.
• The city’s infrastructure development, guided by TUDA, reflects a focus on balancing spiritual tourism and urban expansion.

Flora and Fauna of Tirupati

Sri Venkateswara National Park: A Biodiversity Hub

Located within the Seshachalam Hills, the Sri Venkateswara National Park spans a sprawling 353 km² (136 sq mi) and forms a vital part of Tirupati’s natural heritage. Established as both a national park and biosphere reserve, it is home to:

• Approximately 1,500 vascular plant species across 174 families.
• Rare and endemic plant species, including:
  • Red Sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus).
  • Shorea talura and Shorea thumburggaia.
  • Terminalia pallida and Sandalwood (Santalum album).
  • Unique species such as Cycas beddomei, exclusive to the Tirumala Hills.

This biosphere reserve also supports diverse fauna, including:

• Bird Species: 178 species identified, with highlights such as:
  • Globally threatened yellow-throated bulbul.
  • Critically endangered Oriental white-backed vulture.
  • Other notable birds include the grey-fronted green pigeon and Loten’s sunbird.
• Predators and Reptiles:
  • Leopards and wild dogs are prominent predators.
  • Unique reptiles like the gliding lizard and golden gecko inhabit the region’s deep valleys.

Tirupati Zoological Park: A Mythological Concept

Established in 1987, the Tirupati Zoo (also known as Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park) stands as Asia’s largest zoo, covering an expansive 5,500 acres.

• Unique Theme: The zoo is inspired by Hindu mythology, housing species mentioned in epics like the Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Panchatantra.
• Animal Exhibits: Iconic residents include:
  • Large mammals: Lions, tigers, elephants, and bears.
  • Aquatic and terrestrial species: Peafowls, marsh crocodiles, and starred tortoises.
  • Themed enclosures pay homage to Indian mythological stories.

Sri Venkateswara Gosamrakshana Shala

This facility for cattle welfare, located on Chandragiri Road, was first established in 1956 and rebranded in 2004. Managed by the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD), it fulfills significant roles in:

• Housing cattle received through donations (Godanam).
• Producing milk and dairy products for rituals at the Sri Venkateswara Temple.
  This initiative underscores the integration of tradition and sustainable practices in Tirupati’s cultural ecosystem.

Climate of Tirupati

Tirupati experiences a tropical wet and dry climate (Aw), characterized by distinct seasons of dry winters and monsoonal rains. Here’s an overview of the city’s climate profile:

Seasonal Patterns

• Dry Season (January–May):
  • Minimum temperatures: 18–28 °C (64.4–82.4 °F).
  • Maximum temperatures peak in May, touching 40.3 °C (104.5 °F).
• Rainy Season (June–December):
  • Heavy rains, primarily during the northeast monsoon in November.
  • The 2015 South India floods brought record rainfall to Tirupati, with 219 mm (8.62 inches) in a single day on 16 November 2015.

Cyclones and Rainfall

• Cyclones commonly striking Nellore Coast influence Tirupati, bringing substantial rainfall.
• The annual average rainfall stands at 1,126 mm (44.33 inches), ensuring lush greenery in the region.

Extreme Climate Statistics

Metric	Value
Hottest Recorded Temperature	45.2 °C (113.4 °F) in June
Coldest Recorded Temperature	11.9 °C (53.4 °F) in February
Average Humidity	51% (annual)

The following table encapsulates monthly temperature ranges and rainfall patterns:

Climate Data for Tirupati (1981–2010)

Month	Record High °C (°F)	Record Low °C (°F)	Avg. Rainfall (mm)
January	35.6 (96.1)	12.9 (55.2)	17.6 (0.69)
May	45.0 (113.0)	20.4 (68.7)	58.5 (2.30)
November	34.8 (94.6)	15.0 (59.0)	249.1 (9.81)

Demographics of Tirupati

Religion in Tirupati

According to the 2011 Census of India, Hinduism dominates the religious landscape of Tirupati, with 92.82% of the population adhering to it. This is followed by Islam at 6.05% and Christianity at 0.74%, with other religions or non-stated beliefs making up 0.39%.

Population Statistics

The population of the Tirupati Municipal Corporation stood at 287,035 in 2011, comprising 145,977 males and 141,058 females. This gives the city a sex ratio of 966 females per 1,000 males, which surpasses the national average of 940 females per 1,000 males.

• Children (0–6 years): 24,643 children.
• Effective literacy rate (age 7 and above): 87.55%.

The urban agglomeration (UA) of Tirupati had a larger population of 459,985 during the same census year.

• Sex ratio (urban): 987 females per 1,000 males.
• Children in the UA: 41,589 aged 0–6 years.
• Total Literates (UA): 356,558, with an 85.22% literacy rate.

Languages in Tirupati

Telugu, being the official language of Andhra Pradesh, is widely spoken and used by 87.98% of the population. Other significant languages include:

• Urdu: 5.50%.
• Tamil: 3.40%.
• Hindi: 1.01%.
• Others: 2.11%.

Governance of Tirupati

Municipal Administration

The Tirupati Assembly Constituency is one of the 175 assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh’s Legislative Assembly. It is part of the Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency.

Current Elected Representatives

• Member of Parliament: Gurumurthy Maddela from the YSR Congress Party represents the Lok Sabha constituency.
• Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA): Arani Srinivasulu of the Janasena Party.
• Mayor: B.R. Sirisha Yadav from the YSR Congress Party heads the Tirupati Municipal Corporation.

Development Authorities

• Tirupati Municipal Corporation: Handles the civic administration of the city.
• Tirupati Urban Development Authority (TUDA): Oversees urban planning and development for the Tirupati region. The Chairman position for TUDA is currently vacant.
• Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD): A governing body managing the administration of the Tirumala temples and associated trusts. The current chairman is Bollineni Rajagopal Naidu.

Civic Administration in Tirupati

Municipal Administration

Tirupati Municipal Corporation (TMC) is responsible for the overall civic administration of the city. The city’s journey of administrative evolution is remarkable:

• 1 April 1886: Constituted as a municipality.
• 1 October 1962: Upgraded to a second-grade municipality.
• 12 December 1965: Further upgraded to a first-grade municipality.
• 13 February 1970: Became a special-grade municipality.
• 7 October 1998: Attained the status of selection-grade municipality.
• 2 March 2007: Elevated to a municipal corporation.

The city’s municipal jurisdiction initially spanned 16.59 km² (6.41 sq mi) and now covers 27.44 km² (10.59 sq mi). Tirupati has been ranked among the top ten cleanest cities in India as per the Swachh Survekshan 2022 report.

Urban Development Authority

The Tirupati Urban Development Authority (TUDA), formed in 1981, governs the urban planning and development of Tirupati and surrounding areas. Initially covering Tirupati town and 89 villages, its jurisdiction expanded in 2008 to include Srikalahasti, Puttur, and 69 additional villages. Today, TUDA covers a massive area of 1,211.51 km² (467.77 sq mi).

Law and Order in Tirupati

Urban Police District

Tirupati is categorized as an Urban Police District with a total of 25 police stations. Special security measures have been implemented to ensure the safety of its citizens and the millions of pilgrims visiting the city annually.

1. Elite Commando Force (Octopus):
   • Formed in 2012 by the Government of Andhra Pradesh.
   • Comprising 100 trained commandos, the unit is skilled in in-house intervention, hostage rescue, and the Israeli martial art Krav Maga.
   • Specifically deployed to secure the Tirupati temple complex.

1. Security at Alipiri Checkpoint:
   • The Sapthagiri Security Zone screens all vehicles and pilgrims entering the Tirumala hill region to prevent threats from terrorists and anti-social elements.
   • Safe City-Tirupati Project:
     • Comprehensive CCTV surveillance using 3,000 cameras, monitored through a centralized command and control center.
     • Installed baggage scanners and explosive detectors across strategic points in the city.

Utility Services in Tirupati

Electricity and Water Supply

• The Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution Company Limited (APSPDCL) supplies electricity to the city, with its headquarters based in Tirupati.
• Water is primarily sourced from groundwater, Kalyani Dam, and the Telugu Ganga Canal. Additional water resources include nearby dams in the Tirumala Hill ranges:
  • Papavinasanam Dam, Gogurbham Dam, Pasupudara Dam, Kumaradara Dam, and Akasa Ganga cater solely to Tirumala and the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple.
  • 49% of Kalyani Dam’s water is also directed toward Tirumala’s needs, with the rest supplied to the city.

Telecommunications

Tirupati falls under the Tirupati Telecom District of Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), which is enhancing connectivity by establishing 27 Wi-Fi hotspots across the city.

Passport Services

The city hosts a Regional Passport Seva Kendra (PSK), which serves districts such as Prakasam, Nellore, Chittoor, Kadapa, Kurnool, and Anantapur, and operates under the jurisdiction of the Visakhapatnam Passport Office.

Cleanliness and Waste Management

Tirupati has consistently ranked among India’s cleanest cities:

• 2009–10: Ranked 117th nationally under the National Urban Sanitation Policy, scoring 39.363 points.
• 2018: Ranked sixth among 200 cities in the Swachh Survekshan conducted by the Ministry of Urban Development and the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).
• 2022: Featured in the top 10 cleanest cities under the Swachh Bharat Mission.

To maintain cleanliness, the Tirupati Municipal Corporation initiated the ‘Swachh Tirupati’ program, emphasizing household waste segregation. As of May 2015:

• 150 tonnes of waste were collected daily within municipal limits.
• A cleanliness scorecard ranked Tirupati as the 11th cleanest city, scoring 66 points, as reported by India’s Union Tourism Ministry.

Healthcare in Tirupati

Tirupati has evolved into a significant medical hub in Andhra Pradesh, offering comprehensive healthcare services to residents and patients from neighboring regions. The city is home to major government and private healthcare institutions, many of which are managed or supported by the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD) or the State Government.

Government-Run Hospitals

1. Sri Venkateswara Ramnarain Ruia Government General Hospital (Ruia Hospital):
   • Established: 1962
   • Contributors: Founded with an initial donation of ₹5 lakhs from Sri Radha Krishna N. Ruia and ₹15 lakhs from TTD.
   • Capacity: With 750 beds, it is among the largest hospitals in Andhra Pradesh and serves as the main government healthcare center for the Rayalaseema region.
   • Specializations: Provides tertiary care for a wide range of medical issues, offering extensive healthcare services to the public.
2. Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences (SVIMS):
   • Founded: 1986
   • Established as a premier medical education and research institute, SVIMS offers advanced medical treatments and functions as a center of excellence.
3. Government Maternity Hospital (GMH):
   • Renowned as the largest maternity hospital in Andhra Pradesh based on the number of deliveries conducted annually.
   • Legacy: Serving the region for over 50 years.
   • Service Area: Provides healthcare services to patients from districts like Chittoor, YSR Kadapa, Nellore, and Anantapur in Andhra Pradesh, as well as parts of Tamil Nadu.
   • Recognition: Won the title of “Best Hospital” in the sterilization and institutional deliveries category from the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in 2013.

TTD-Supported Healthcare Facilities

1. Balaji Institute of Surgery, Research and Rehabilitation for the Disabled (BIRRD):
   • Established: 1985
   • Capacity: Equipped with 250 beds.
   • Specializations: Focuses on the treatment of:
     • Polio Myelitis
     • Cerebral Palsy
     • Congenital Anomalies
     • Spinal Injuries
     • Orthopaedic Impairments
   • Non-Profit: Managed by funds from TTD and public donations.
2. Other Facilities by TTD:
   • In addition to funding hospitals, TTD supports various healthcare initiatives for pilgrims and underprivileged communities, providing accessible and affordable care.

Private Healthcare Facilities

Tirupati boasts a range of private hospitals and specialized medical centers offering advanced treatments:

1. Aravind Eye Hospital:
   A leading institution for ophthalmology, providing state-of-the-art eye care services to patients in the region.
2. Sri International Comprehensive Cancer and Research (SICCAR) Facility:
   Specializes in cancer treatments, equipped with advanced technology for diagnosis and therapy.

Economy of Tirupati

Tirupati’s economy thrives predominantly on tourism, hospitality, and industries linked to the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD). The city’s blend of religious significance and developing infrastructure positions it as a vital contributor to Andhra Pradesh’s economic growth.

Key Drivers of Tirupati’s Economy

1. Tourism Industry
   • As one of the most visited pilgrimage centers in the world, Tirupati attracts millions of tourists and devotees every year.
   • Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD):
     • Headquartered in Tirupati, TTD is an independent trust managing the world-renowned Tirumala Venkateswara Temple and several other temples globally.
     • Established in 1932, TTD significantly contributes to employment and indirectly supports numerous businesses in the region, including hotels, restaurants, and transport services.
     • Beyond temple management, TTD actively engages in social initiatives, bolstering healthcare, education, and community welfare programs.
2. Hospitality Industry
   • The hospitality sector is thriving, given the influx of pilgrims and tourists.
   • The city boasts numerous 3-star hotels, lodges, and luxury accommodations, including properties managed by the Taj Group of Hotels.
   • This sector has become one of the prime sources of employment and revenue.
3. Retail and Commerce
   • Areas such as Gandhi Road, Prakasam Road, V.V. Mahal Road, and AIR Bypass Road serve as Tirupati’s key commercial hubs.
   • The retail sector includes major automobile, textile, electronics, and mobile brands, attracting a wide consumer base.

Industrial Sector

1. APIIC Industrial Park, Renigunta
   • A significant hub housing industries like:
     • Sri Venkateswara Cooperative Sugar Factory
     • Ashwini Bio Pharma Ltd
   • Provides employment opportunities in manufacturing and allied industries.

1. Amara Raja Group
   • One of India’s largest producers of batteries, Amara Raja Group operates its factories in Karakambadi, Renigunta.
   • This plant is a significant economic contributor and a key employer in the region.
2. Lanco Cement Factory
   • Located in Eerpedu Mandal, this facility strengthens the manufacturing base of the region and contributes to infrastructure development.

Technology and Software Development

1. Zoho Corporation
   • Zoho, a prominent Indian software development firm, has established an operational office in Renigunta since 2018.
   • This highlights Tirupati’s growing potential in the technology sector and its ability to attract IT firms.

Key Economic Assets and Organizations

1. Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution Company Limited (APSPDCL):
   • Headquartered in Tirupati, APSPDCL plays a critical role in energy distribution and infrastructure development for southern Andhra Pradesh.
2. Other Major Assets:
   • Industrial establishments: Such as biotechnology companies and local industries, bolster the city’s manufacturing and production output.
   • Lodging and allied services: Serve as a backbone of the city’s revenue stream, driven by its robust tourism industry.

IT/ITES and Electronics Industry in Tirupati

Tirupati is emerging as a hub for Information Technology (IT), Information Technology Enabled Services (ITES), and the electronics manufacturing industry, significantly boosting its economy and providing new employment opportunities.

Electronics Manufacturing Hub

1. Sri Venkateswara Mobile and Electronics Manufacturing Hub
   • Located in Tirupati, the Sri Venkateswara Mobile and Electronics Manufacturing Hub is one of India’s largest mobile and electronics manufacturing facilities.
   • Spread over 122 acres (49 hectares), this facility houses major electronics manufacturing companies like Celkon, Micromax, Karbonn, and Lava, along with Dixon Technologies producing Smart TVs for Xiaomi.
   • Companies operating in this hub have invested significantly in Tirupati, with a total investment of around ₹2000 crores. The hub enhances Tirupati’s status as a critical player in India’s electronics manufacturing sector.
   • Key players:
     • Celkon – Spread across 20 acres
     • Micromax – Spread across 15 acres
     • Karbonn – Spread across 15.28 acres
     • Lava – Spread across 20 acres
     • Dixon Technologies – A leading manufacturer of Smart TVs.
2. Munoth Lithium-Ion Cell Manufacturing Facility
   • A first-of-its-kind facility in India, this plant focuses on the production of lithium-ion cells, marking Tirupati as a future hub for battery technology, primarily serving the electric vehicle (EV) and renewable energy sectors.

Information Technology (IT) and IT-Enabled Services (ITES)

While Tirupati’s economy is strongly anchored in manufacturing, particularly in electronics, the IT and ITES sector is also burgeoning.

• Zoho Corporation, one of India’s leading software firms, established an office in Renigunta, contributing to the city’s digital economy and positioning it as an emerging IT destination.
• As Tirupati’s infrastructure improves, the city is likely to attract additional IT firms that could further expand the region’s digital services sector.

Tourism Sector

The tourism industry is a critical pillar of Tirupati’s economy, heavily influenced by its status as a major religious and cultural destination.

1. Tirumala Venkateswara Temple
   • Renowned as one of the most visited religious sites globally, Tirumala Venkateswara Temple plays a central role in driving the city’s tourism sector.
   • Tirupati Temple is a Guinness World Record holder for being the most visited temple in the world.
   • The city’s thriving religious tourism economy significantly contributes to local revenue through donations, hospitality services, and ancillary businesses.
2. Other Temples and Religious Sites
   • Beyond Tirumala, Tirupati boasts several historic temples and cultural landmarks, which help to diversify its tourist appeal and provide year-round tourism income to local businesses in hospitality, retail, and food services.

Culture of Tirupati

Tirupati, known for its religious significance, is rich in cultural diversity, heavily influenced by Hindu traditions and rituals. The city’s culture reflects centuries of religious practices, classical arts, and festivals, making it a vibrant hub for both devotees and tourists.

Festivals of Tirupati

Tirupati celebrates a range of Hindu festivals, which attract millions of devotees annually. The city’s religious and cultural calendar is marked by significant events, offering a vivid glimpse into its spiritual heritage.

1. Srivari Brahmotsavam
   • One of the grandest festivals in Tirupati, Srivari Brahmotsavam occurs during the months of September-October at the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple.

1. This nine-day festival honors Lord Venkateswara, with the deity Malayappa along with his consorts, Sridevi and Bhudevi, taken in a procession through the four mada streets on different Vahanams (vehicles). The procession draws lakhs of devotees and is an awe-inspiring event of spiritual significance.
2. Tirupati Ganga Jatara
   • Tirupati Ganga Jatara is a week-long carnival held in the second week of May every year. During this festival, Gangamma (the local Gramadevata, or village goddess) is worshipped with fervor.
   • The festival culminates with devotees participating in rituals by the Padma Pushkarini (a holy tank), where the annual Chakra Snanam (holy dip) is undertaken.
3. Vaikunta Ekadasi
   • Vaikunta Ekadasi is one of the most important festivals for Vaishnavites, celebrated with great reverence in Tirumala. It marks the opening of the Vaikunta Dwarams, symbolizing the gates to heaven.
   • The festivities attract a huge number of pilgrims, who visit the temple to receive the darshan (view) of the Vaikunta Dwaram.
4. Rathasapthami
   • Rathasapthami, celebrated in February, involves a grand procession where Malayappa Swami (Venkateswara’s processional deity) is taken around the temple on seven different vahanas.
   • The procession begins early in the morning and continues until late at night, depicting a divine journey with grandeur and devotion.

1. Sri Krishna Janmashtami (Gokulashtami)
   • Sri Krishna Janmashtami, celebrated with great zeal, particularly in the Lotus Temple of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), includes lamp lighting, devotional songs (Annamayya Kirtana alapana), and Geetha Parayanam.
   • At the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple, a special ritual, Gokulashtami Asthanam, is performed in honor of Lord Krishna‘s birth.
2. Maha Shivaratri and Kartik Poornima
   • Both festivals are celebrated with great fervor at Kapila Theertham, where Maha Shivaratri honors Lord Shiva, and Kartik Poornima is celebrated with reverence by devotees.
   • Both occasions are marked by rituals and spiritual activities at local temples and pilgrim spots, attracting large gatherings of devotees.

Influence of Traditions in Temples

• Vadakalai Tradition
  • The Vadakalai tradition holds significant sway in the Vishnu temples of Tirupati. It influences rituals, worship styles, and temple practices, contributing to the region’s deeply rooted spiritual culture.
  • This tradition also ensures the preservation of ancient customs, along with the promotion of classical devotional music, temple arts, and spiritual discourses.

Cuisine of Tirupati

Tirupati is famous for its devotional cuisine, with the most iconic dish being the Tirupati Laddu. This sweet delicacy, offered as prasadam (sacred offering) at the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple, is beloved by devotees worldwide. The Tirupati Laddu has earned the prestigious Geographical Indication (GI) tag, which ensures that only the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD) is authorized to produce and sell this famous Laddu. Made with ingredients like chickpea flour, ghee, and sugar, the Laddu is considered a divine offering, symbolizing the rich religious and culinary traditions of the region.

The sacred Laddu aside, South Indian cuisine dominates the culinary landscape of Tirupati, characterized by rice-based dishes, idlis, dosas, sambar, and rasam. Local delicacies, often made with lentils, vegetables, and spices, are a favorite for visitors, particularly after visiting the temples or engaging in the spiritual activities in the city.

Arts, Crafts, and Architecture in Tirupati

Tirupati is not only a religious destination but also a hub for rich artistic and cultural heritage, with many institutions, museums, and architectural treasures that showcase the region’s vibrant history.

1. Sri Venkateswara Museum
   • Established by Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD), the Sri Venkateswara Museum has two branches: one in Tirumala and one in Tirupati. The museum features an extensive collection of Tirupati temple architecture and historical artefacts, including ancient weaponry, pooja items, and idols.

1. The museum offers visitors a unique insight into the spiritual and cultural significance of the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple and provides a deeper connection to the temple’s traditions.
2. Archaeological Museum, Chandragiri Fort
   • The Archaeological Survey of India established a museum in Chandragiri Fort during 1988–89. The museum showcases a stunning collection of stone and metal sculptures, particularly Hindu deities and important cultural relics retrieved from Gudimallam, Gandikota, and Yaganti.

1. Visitors can explore galleries containing medieval weaponry (such as swords and daggers), coins, and historical documents that narrate the region’s extensive cultural past.
2. Temple and Architectural Crafts
   • Tirupati is renowned for its temple architecture, particularly the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple. The Dravidian style of architecture dominates the region’s temple structures, with intricate sculptures and ornate pillars that attract devotees, art enthusiasts, and historians alike.
   • The craftsmanship seen in the stone carvings, woodwork, and brass sculptures associated with the temples reflects the traditional skills of the artisan communities of the region. These masterpieces are a testament to the artistic wealth of the region and have become symbols of the spiritual sanctity of the area.

Cityscape of Tirupati

Tirupati’s cityscape is dominated by its rich spiritual heritage and historical landmarks. The city is a confluence of ancient temples, museums, and natural beauty, with each destination holding immense cultural and historical significance.

Temples

Tirupati is most famously known for its temples, and the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple stands out as the city’s crown jewel. This temple is renowned for being the world’s richest Vaishnavite temple. Pilgrims from all over the globe flock to Tirupati for darshan (sacred viewing) of Lord Venkateswara, the temple’s presiding deity.

Some of the other famous temples in Tirupati include:

• Padmavathi Temple at Tiruchanur: Dedicated to Padmavathi, the consort of Lord Venkateswara, this temple is highly revered by devotees.
• Govindaraja Temple: This historic temple, dedicated to Lord Vishnu, attracts thousands of pilgrims every year.
• Kapileswara Temple: Situated at Kapila Theertham, this is an important shrine dedicated to Lord Shiva.
• Kalyana Venkateswara Temple at Srinivasamangapuram: A significant Vaishnavite temple dedicated to Lord Venkateswara, known for its religious importance.
• Gangamma Temple: This is a Gramadevata (village goddess) temple dedicated to Gangamma, the patron deity of the region, located at Thathayyaguntta.

These temples reflect Tirupati’s rich spiritual heritage and Hindu culture, making it a prominent religious and pilgrimage site.

Other Landmarks

Besides temples, Tirupati is home to several other cultural and historical landmarks that enhance the charm of the city.

1. Chandragiri Fort
   Located about 12 km from Tirupati, Chandragiri Fort dates back to the 11th century and stands as a symbol of the region’s medieval history. The fort has significant archaeological value and houses an Archaeological Museum maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India. The museum showcases historical relics, giving visitors a glimpse into the region’s past.
2. Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park
   Spanning over an expansive area of 5532 acres, Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park is the largest zoo in Asia. The zoo, established in 1987, is dedicated to wildlife preservation and conservation, offering a natural habitat to a wide variety of animal species.
3. Regional Science Centre, Tirupati
   The Regional Science Centre is another educational landmark in Tirupati, focusing on promoting science and technology. It features a Space Exposition Hall, the first digital Planetarium in Andhra Pradesh, and an Innovation Space to encourage learning and creativity among the visitors.

Other Places of Interest in Tirupati

• Talakona Falls: Located nearby, Talakona Falls is the highest waterfall in Andhra Pradesh, and the scenic beauty around it draws tourists, especially during the monsoon season.
• Divyaramam View: Known for its serene and picturesque views, Divyaramam offers a tranquil experience amidst lush greenery.

These places, alongside the temples, add to the city’s appeal and make Tirupati a versatile destination combining spirituality, culture, and nature.

Neighbourhoods of Tirupati

• Tiruchanur: Famous for the Padmavathi Temple, this area is a crucial neighborhood in Tirupati.
• Alipiri: It is known for its close proximity to the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple, and many pilgrims begin their journey from here.
• Chandragiri: Famous for the Chandragiri Fort, this historic neighborhood offers a glimpse into Tirupati’s past.
• Renigunta: An important suburban area, home to the renowned Zoho office, as well as several industrial zones.

These neighborhoods contribute to the overall fabric of Tirupati’s vibrant culture and economy. The city’s blend of religious significance, historical landmarks, and modern development offers a multifaceted experience to residents and visitors alike.

Transport in Tirupati

Tirupati, being a major pilgrimage destination and city in Andhra Pradesh, boasts a well-developed transport network that includes roadways, railways, and airways, ensuring smooth connectivity to various destinations.

Roadways

Tirupati is well-connected by an extensive road network with access to both national highways and state highways. Some of the key routes include:

• National Highway 71: Connecting Madanapalle and Kadiri.
• National Highway 140: Linking Tirupati to Puthalapattu.
• National Highway 716: Connecting Renigunta (part of Tirupati) to Chennai and Muddanur via Kadapa and Rajampet.
• National Highway 565: Starting from Yerpedu and ending in Nakrekal, this highway connects NH 71 to NH 65.

Additionally, Tirupati Ghat Road connects the city with Tirumala, with two well-maintained all-weather, asphalt ghat roads, one built in 1944 and another in 1974, facilitating smooth travel up the hills.

Within Tirupati Municipal Corporation, there are 294.47 km (182.98 mi) of roads, ensuring easy access within the city and its suburbs.

Key Roads and Flyovers

• Srinivasa Sethu Flyover: A crucial flyover that enhances road connectivity, especially between major areas of the city.
• Veterinary University Road and NH 140 are other important roads for both local and interstate connectivity.

Public Transport

APSRTC (Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation) provides an efficient public transport service, managing several buses to various destinations from the Tirupati Bus Station Complex. The bus station is divided into mini-stations:

• Srinivasa Bus Station for west-bound destinations,
• Sri Hari Bus Station for east-bound destinations,
• Yedukondalu Bus Station for buses to Tirumala.

Additionally, the Balaji Link Bus Station at Alipiri is used for bus services to Tirumala. Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD) operates free buses from the railway station and central bus stand to Alipiri for pilgrims, including the popular Sapthagiri Express buses heading toward Tirumala.

Footpaths to Tirumala

There are two footpaths (Sopanamargas) connecting Tirupati to Tirumala, primarily used by pilgrims seeking to trek up the hills:

1. Alipiri Footpath: This older path starts from Alipiri and is 11 km long with 3550 steps. It has four Gopurams (temple towers) along the way.
2. Sri Vari Mettu: This shorter path starts from Srinivasa Mangapuram and is 6 km long.

Both footpaths are roofed and pass through the seven hills of the Seshachalam Hills.

Railways

Tirupati has six railway stations. The main station, Tirupati Main, is an A1 station in the Guntakal railway division of the South Central Railway Zone. To manage rail traffic more efficiently, satellite stations like Tirupati West Halt and Tiruchanur are also used. Other important stations include Chandragiri, Yerpedu, and Renigunta Junction.

Tirupati’s well-established railway network offers accessibility to key cities and regions across India, catering to the high volume of travelers, particularly pilgrims visiting the region.

Airways

Tirupati Airport is an important transportation hub located around 15 km (9.3 mi) from the city center. The airport facilitates daily flights to various cities, including Coimbatore, Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Bengaluru, and Hyderabad, among others. It is currently in the process of expansion, with the new terminal inaugurated in October 2015. Tirupati Airport is set to become an international airport, enhancing its connectivity for global pilgrims and tourists.

For international travel, the nearest airport is Chennai International Airport, approximately 130 km (81 mi) away.

Education in Tirupati

Tirupati, a renowned hub for education, especially in higher studies and specialized fields, offers a wide array of educational institutions. The city houses numerous universities, colleges, and specialized institutes, serving both general education and niche subjects such as Vedic studies, medical sciences, culinary arts, and temple architecture.

Schools in Tirupati

Education in Tirupati starts from the primary and secondary levels, with a blend of government-run, aided, and private schools. The School Education Department of Andhra Pradesh governs these institutions. Many schools in the region are named after deities from the region, such as the presiding deity of the Tirupati temple, Lord Venkateswara, and his consort, Padmavati, reflecting the city’s deep cultural and religious roots.

These schools focus on delivering a solid foundation in general education, preparing students for higher studies at various prestigious institutions in the city.

Higher Education Institutions

Tirupati is home to several prominent universities and colleges offering higher education in various disciplines:

1. Sri Venkateswara University (SVU), established in 1954, is a major educational institution in the city, providing degrees across multiple disciplines such as science, arts, commerce, and engineering.
2. Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam: This university is dedicated to empowering women through education and offers a wide range of programs.
3. Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences (SVIMS): A medical institute offering undergraduate and postgraduate courses in the medical field.
4. Sri Venkateswara Vedic University: This university is unique in focusing on preserving and promoting the ancient Vedic traditions, Agamic texts, and their associated literature.

Specialized Educational Institutions

Tirupati also hosts several specialized colleges and institutes that cater to specific domains of knowledge:

• Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha: A dedicated institution for Sanskrit studies, Traditional Sastras, and Pedagogy.
• Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University: Focused on the fields of Veterinary Science, Dairy Technology, and Fishery Science, the university aims to strengthen education and services related to animal health and aquatic sciences in Andhra Pradesh.
• Indian Culinary Institute, Tirupati: This cooking school, established by the Ministry of Tourism (India), is India’s first culinary institute, offering training in various culinary arts.

Innovative Institutions

Tirupati’s educational landscape also includes institutions catering to traditional art forms and new-age sciences:

• Sri Venkateswara Institute of Traditional Sculpture and Architecture (SVITSA): This institution is one of only two in India offering courses in traditional sculpture and architecture related to temple design, stone sculptures, and other forms of heritage art.
• Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER): A prestigious science research institute focused on offering programs related to scientific education and research in emerging fields.
• IIT Tirupati: A significant addition to the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), this institute provides cutting-edge education and research in engineering and technology.

Law and Other Notable Colleges

• Sri Venkateswara College of Law is a recognized law college in the city that offers legal studies programs and prepares students for careers in law and public policy.

Research and Development in Tirupati

Tirupati is home to a range of research institutes and centers of excellence, specializing in diverse fields such as atmospheric sciences, medical research, agriculture, and engineering. The city’s growth as a research hub is supported by government initiatives and collaborations with national and international agencies. Some of the prominent research institutions in the city include:

National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL)

Located about 30 km from Tirupati, the National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL) is an autonomous research institution funded by the Department of Space, Government of India. NARL specializes in fundamental and applied research in the field of atmospheric sciences. The laboratory contributes significantly to the understanding of weather patterns, climate change, and atmospheric dynamics, which is vital for the scientific community and policymaking.

Sri Venkateswara Medical College and Research Initiatives

Sri Venkateswara Medical College in Tirupati has been recognized by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) for its Multidisciplinary Research Units (MRUs) and Model Rural Health Research Units (MRHRUs). The college plays a crucial role in advancing medical research, especially in rural health and viral diagnostic studies, further strengthening Tirupati’s reputation in the field of medical sciences.

Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Tirupati

One of the newer educational institutions in the city, the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Tirupati began operations in 2015. Established by the Ministry of Human Resource Development of India, IISER Tirupati is an Institute of National Importance and focuses on promoting scientific learning and research. It offers undergraduate and postgraduate programs aimed at fostering scientists and academics in various fields of natural and applied sciences.

Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Tirupati

IIT Tirupati, established as one of the premier technological institutes in India, offers a wide array of programs including Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech), Master of Science (M.Sc), Master of Technology (M.Tech), and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) programs. IIT Tirupati is renowned for its focus on engineering, technology, and humanities, contributing to significant advancements in these areas through cutting-edge research and education.

Agricultural Research in Tirupati

The Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS) in Tirupati has been instrumental in agricultural innovation. It runs research on groundnut (peanut) cultivation and has developed 12 groundnut varieties suited to arid conditions. The research center aims to address the agricultural needs of the country’s 100 most drought-prone districts, helping to ensure food security for regions with low rainfall.

Additionally, Sri Venkateswara Gosamrakshanashala, managed by Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD), conducts research on indigenous cows, preserving rare breeds such as Ongole and developing a collection of breeds from across the country. This initiative aims at conservation and the promotion of genetic diversity within livestock farming.

Media and Publications in Tirupati

Tirupati also plays a key role in the dissemination of knowledge and spiritual content through its media outlets. Sri Venkateswara Bhakti Channel (SVBC) is India’s first 24-hour Telugu devotional TV channel, offering a platform for religious and spiritual broadcasts. SVBC, along with Sapthagiri, a spiritual monthly magazine, provides devotional content in multiple languages including Telugu, Sanskrit, Hindi, English, Tamil, and Kannada.

The city is also home to numerous newspapers, both Telugu and English, such as Andhra Bhoomi, Saakshi, Eenadu, The Hindu, and Deccan Chronicle. Many of these publications run their printing and publication offices in Tirupati.

Television and Radio

Tirupati’s media landscape includes popular FM stations, such as 92.7 Big FM, 93.5 Red FM, and E-FM 104, providing entertainment, news, and cultural programming to the public. Additionally, All India Radio serves the city with its broadcasting services, making Tirupati well-connected in terms of both national and local media outlets.

Conclusion

With its growing number of prestigious research institutes, Tirupati is becoming a recognized center for scientific exploration and technological advancement. The city’s investments in education, research, and media are fostering a community of learners, scientists, and professionals, contributing to national development. Whether it’s in medical research, agricultural innovation, or higher learning, Tirupati continues to shine as a beacon of academic and research excellence.

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