Visakhapatnam

All About Visakhapatnam

Visakhapatnam, also called Vizag, Visakha, or Waltair, is the largest metropolitan city in Andhra Pradesh. Situated between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal, it is the second-largest city on India’s east coast after Chennai and ranks as the fourth-largest city in South India. Known for its historical significance and strategic importance, Vizag is famously referred to as the “Shipbuilding Capital of India”, with key facilities like the Hindustan Shipyard, Naval Dockyard, and the Eastern Naval Command headquarters.

The Smart Cities Mission recognized Vizag as one of the four smart cities in Andhra Pradesh, highlighting its modern urban developments. Its economic contribution is substantial, with a 2016 GDP estimate of $43.5 billion, making it the ninth-largest contributor to India’s GDP. The city also features India’s only natural harbor on the east coast, with the Visakhapatnam Port ranking among the top five busiest ports in India.

Visakhapatnam: A Dynamic Hub of Maritime Power, History

Vizag’s history dates back to the 6th century BCE, once ruled by Andhra Satavahanas, Pallavas, Eastern Gangas, and others. Historically a major port city, its trade connections reached as far as Rome and the Middle East. Inscriptions from the 11th century CE document its prominence as a mercantile hub. The city later came under French colonial rule, before transferring to the British East India Company in 1804, where it remained until India’s independence in 1947.

Educationally and strategically, Visakhapatnam holds national importance. It hosts renowned institutions like Andhra University (AU), IIM Visakhapatnam, IIPE, and the Indian Maritime University (IMU). As the Eastern Naval Command’s base, the city plays a pivotal role in defense and maritime industries. Additionally, it serves as the South Coast Railway Zone’s headquarters, and its vibrant tourism industry is centered around beaches, Buddhist sites, and scenic locales.

Nicknamed as the “City of Destiny” and “Jewel of the East Coast”, Visakhapatnam combines rich cultural heritage with progressive infrastructure. Its clean environment and forward-thinking urban policies were reflected in its 2020 Swachh Survekshan ranking as India’s ninth-cleanest city among cities with over a million population. The city’s contributions to maritime history, trade, defense, and culture underscore its reputation as one of India’s premier cities.

History of Visakhapatnam

Visakhapatnam, often referred to as Vizag, boasts a history dating back to the 6th century BCE, marked by the influences of various dynasties, empires, and religious movements. Its strategic coastal location and cultural significance have shaped its evolution from an ancient settlement into a thriving city.

Ancient Beginnings and the Kalinga Connection

The earliest mentions of Visakhapatnam can be found in 4th century BCE texts by Panini and Katyayan. As part of the historic Kalinga region, the city witnessed the influences of the Vengi kingdom and the Eastern Ganga dynasty during medieval times. By the 11th and 12th centuries CE, the Chola king Kulothunga I laid the foundations of the modern city, though control of the area alternated between the Cholas and the Gajapati kingdom of Odisha before eventually becoming part of the Vijayanagara Empire in the 15th century.

Legends Surrounding Visakhapatnam’s Name

Visakhapatnam is believed to have been named after Sri Visakha Varma, with one legend suggesting the city honors a gopi (devotee) of Lord Krishna. Another theory links the name to Visakha, a prominent woman disciple of Buddha. Some residents also associate the name with an ancient temple built by an Andhra king, now submerged near R. K. Beach.

European Influence and Colonial Rule

In the late 18th century, European powers competed for control of Visakhapatnam due to its strategic coastal position and trading potential. Initially under French rule, the city later fell to the British East India Company after the Battle of Vizagapatnam in 1804. The British incorporated the city into their administrative domain as part of the Northern Circars, and Visakhapatnam remained under colonial rule until India’s independence in 1947.

Buddhist Influence and Legacy

The legacy of Buddhism is evident in Visakhapatnam’s archaeological sites, which reflect the cultural zenith of the religion in the region. During the 5th century BCE, the area was part of Kalinga, a territory later annexed by Emperor Ashoka following the Kalinga War. This conflict catalyzed Ashoka’s conversion to Buddhism, leaving a lasting imprint on the region.

Key Buddhist Sites

• Pavurallakonda (Pigeon Hill): Located near Bheemunipatnam, this site dates from the 1st century BCE to 2nd century CE. It features rock-cut cisterns for rainwater collection, stupas, and viharas, underscoring the religious and architectural innovation of ancient Buddhist settlements.
• Sankaram (Bojjannakonda): Unearthed in 1907 by archaeologist Alexander Rea, Sankaram is a 2,000-year-old Buddhist site where Hinayana, Mahayana, and Vajrayana traditions flourished. This site, 40 km south of Vizag, showcases monolithic stupas, rock-cut caves, and remnants of ancient pottery and coins, hinting at its vibrant past as a center of Buddhist activity.
• Lingalakonda: Located nearby, it features rows of rock-cut monolithic stupas, adding to the region’s rich tapestry of Buddhist heritage.

The extensive Buddhist influence makes Visakhapatnam a treasure trove of cultural and historical significance. Sites like these attract archaeologists, historians, and tourists interested in India’s ancient religious traditions.

Eras of Local Dynasties and Rule

Following its time under the Vengi and Pallava rulers, Visakhapatnam experienced periods of control by various kingdoms, including:

• Qutb Shahi dynasty (1571–1674)
• Kingdom of Jeypore (1535–1571; 1674–1711)
• Mughal Empire (1711–1724)
• Nizam of Hyderabad (1724–1757)

Colonial Developments and Modern Legacy

Post-European colonization, Visakhapatnam emerged as a prominent trading port. The French influence left a cultural imprint on the city, though British rule brought infrastructural advancements and integrated Vizag into global trade networks. By the time India gained independence, Visakhapatnam had evolved into a modern city with thriving industries and growing international importance.

Bavikonda and Thotlakonda: Treasures of Buddhist Heritage in Visakhapatnam

Visakhapatnam’s rich Buddhist legacy finds striking representation in two iconic archaeological sites: Bavikonda and Thotlakonda, located just a few kilometers apart. These ancient hilltop monasteries not only highlight the region’s deep connection to Buddhism but also reveal an essential chapter in South India’s cultural and spiritual history.

Bavikonda: The “Hill of Wells”

Bavikonda is a prominent Buddhist heritage site situated about 15 km northeast of Visakhapatnam city. The name translates to “Hill of Wells” in Telugu, aptly describing the hill’s network of rainwater collection wells. Spanning a 16-hectare flat terrace, Bavikonda thrived as a Hinayana Buddhist monastery between the 3rd century BCE and 3rd century CE.

Notable Discoveries

Excavations carried out between 1982 and 1987 revealed:

• Mahachaitya (Grand Stupa): The central focus of worship, housing relic caskets.
• Viharas: Monastic complexes providing accommodation to monks.
• Congregation Halls: Stone-pillared halls used for prayers and discourses.
• Relic Urns: Artifacts include an urn believed to contain a bone fragment of Lord Buddha, alongside significant ash deposits.
• Coins and Pottery: Items discovered include coins from the Roman Empire and the Satavahana dynasty, as well as ceramic pottery.

The findings, especially the relic believed to be part of the mortal remains of Buddha, establish Bavikonda as one of the oldest Buddhist sites in Asia. It serves as a powerful reminder of southern India’s vibrant Buddhist heritage and is often likened to Indonesia’s famous Borobudur.

Thotlakonda: Ancient Serenity by the Sea

Approximately 16 km from Visakhapatnam and located on the scenic Visakhapatnam-Bheemili Beach Road, Thotlakonda is another iconic Buddhist site. Discovered during an aerial survey in 1976, this hilltop monastery dates back to the 3rd century BCE. Its prime location overlooking the Bay of Bengal made it a hub for Buddhist missionaries and traders, including those from Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and other Southeast Asian regions.

Archaeological Features

Excavations between 1988 and 1992 unearthed a wide range of religious, secular, and civil structures, including:

• Mahastupa and Votive Stupas: The site hosts sixteen votive stupas, constructed for devotional purposes.
• Chaityagrihas: Both apsidal and circular chaityas (prayer halls) were excavated, offering insight into diverse architectural styles of early Buddhist structures.
• Congregation and Kitchen Complexes: These include pillared dining halls, kitchens, and a refectory, highlighting the communal lifestyle of resident monks.
• Rainwater Reservoirs: Eleven rock-cut cisterns demonstrate the importance of water conservation for sustaining monastic life.

Artifacts and Iconography

Key finds at Thotlakonda reveal the artistic and cultural dynamism of its time:

• Buddhist Symbols: Buddha padas (footprints) adorned with Ashtamangala motifs like Swastika, Vardhamanaka, and Kalasha.
• Coins and Pottery: Discoveries include nine Satavahana coins and five Roman silver coins, indicating the site’s extensive trade connections.
• Decorative Elements: Stucco fragments, terracotta tiles, and sculpted panels highlight the artistic inclinations of the monks and artisans.
• Miniature Stupas: Stone models of stupas emphasize the devotional practices at the site.

Spiritual Significance and Historical Legacy

Both Bavikonda and Thotlakonda reflect the impact of Buddhism not just as a religion but as a cultural force in ancient South India. These sites served as centers for education, meditation, and the dissemination of Buddhist teachings, attracting monks and scholars from across Asia. Their locations near the coastline provided convenient access for international maritime trade and cultural exchange.

The discovery of Roman coins alongside Satavahana relics underlines the vibrant global interactions of the period. These sites also provide valuable insights into early Buddhist architecture, community life, and spiritual practices in the region.

Preserving Buddhist Heritage

Today, both Bavikonda and Thotlakonda are protected monuments under the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). However, increasing urbanization and neglect pose challenges to their preservation. Efforts are ongoing to develop these sites as tourist and educational hubs, promoting awareness about their historical significance.

Later History of Visakhapatnam

Visakhapatnam, with its breathtaking coastal scenery and deep-rooted history, has transitioned through significant political and cultural shifts, enriching its legacy over the centuries. From ancient Andhra rulers to colonial powers, the city’s strategic importance has consistently drawn attention.

Medieval Era

During the medieval period, the territory of Visakhapatnam came under the rule of Andhra rulers of Vengi, followed by the Chalukyas and Pallavas. From the 10th to 16th century CE, the region was governed by the Eastern Ganga and Gajapati kings, during which the city witnessed substantial religious and architectural activity. Evidence suggests that these rulers contributed to the construction of temples during the 11th and 12th centuries, shaping Visakhapatnam’s spiritual identity.

Rise of the Kingdom of Jeypore

In the 16th century, Visakhapatnam came under the Suryavanshi king Maharaja Vishwanath Dev Gajapati of Jeypore. However, during 1571–1674, the region fell under the Qutb Shahi dynasty of Golconda. The administration of the area was overseen by a Faujdar, a governor who collected taxes, stationed in Chicacole (modern-day Srikakulam).

The fortunes of Jeypore rose again in 1674 when Maharaja Vishwambhar Dev defeated the Qutb Shahi Faujdar and reclaimed sovereignty. He also challenged and defeated the Dutch East India Company, known for abducting local fishermen, earning him a reputation as a champion of his people. Later, Maharaja Raghunath Krishna Dev defeated the Seer Lascar, the Mughal-appointed official, consolidating Jeypore’s rule over Visakhapatnam.

Colonial Period: From the Mughals to the British

Following the death of Maharaja Ram Chandra Dev I in 1711, Visakhapatnam was taken over by the Nizam of Hyderabad, but their rule was short-lived. It was soon transferred to the British East India Company, marking the beginning of the colonial chapter in Visakhapatnam’s history.

A Port of Global Trade

European traders from France, Holland, and Britain recognized the significance of Visakhapatnam’s natural port. They exported tobacco, paddy, coal, iron ore, ivory, muslin, and textiles. The Maharaja of Jeypore, an integral player in developing the port at Jalari Peta, owned a fleet of ships and contributed significantly to maritime activities.

During World War I, Maharaja Vikram Dev III lent his ships to the British war effort and eventually donated the port to the Madras government. This port laid the foundation for Visakhapatnam’s current status as one of India’s most significant harbors.

Northern Circars and the Battle of Vizagapatam

By the 18th century, Visakhapatnam became part of the Northern Circars, a coastal belt split between French and British influences. This region, including Visakhapatnam, was eventually ceded to the British. The Battle of Vizagapatam in 1804, fought between British and French naval forces near the harbor, marked an important event during this colonial period.

Cultural and Local Legends

A captivating legend links the origin of Visakhapatnam’s name to an Andhra king who rested in the city en route to Varanasi. Captivated by its natural beauty, he ordered a temple dedicated to his family deity, Viśakha, to be constructed. However, archaeological evidence suggests the temple was built much later by the Cholas between the 11th and 12th centuries.

Although the temple is no longer visible today—likely destroyed in a cyclonic storm about 100 years ago—it remains alive in the memories of older generations. While the existence of the temple is debated, local folklore and accounts of its grandeur continue to resonate among Visakhapatnam’s residents.

Modern and Post-Colonial Era

With India’s independence, Visakhapatnam evolved into a significant district of Madras Presidency, eventually dividing into the districts of Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, and modern Visakhapatnam. A portion of the city still retains its colonial name, Waltair, and the Waltair Railway Station serves as a reminder of the colonial past.

2020 Gas Leak Tragedy

On May 7, 2020, tragedy struck Visakhapatnam when a polymer plant near the city released toxic styrene gas after restarting operations during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. The leak resulted in the deaths of 11 people and caused widespread panic. The incident drew parallels with the infamous Bhopal Gas Tragedy, sparking debates on industrial safety regulations in India.

Legacy of Visakhapatnam

Visakhapatnam’s layered history reflects a blend of influences from Andhra dynasties, medieval rulers, colonial powers, and modern developments. Its transformation from a spiritual and trade hub to an industrial and cultural beacon demonstrates its enduring vitality. With landmarks like its historical port, ancient ruins, and stories of resilience, Visakhapatnam continues to thrive as a symbol of progress deeply rooted in its rich historical and cultural legacy.

Geography and Climate of Visakhapatnam

Overview
Visakhapatnam, known for its striking geography, is nestled between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal. With coordinates 17.7041° N and 83.2977° E, the city sprawls over 682 km² at an average elevation of 45 meters above sea level. Positioned in the Coastal Andhra region, its topography is accentuated by picturesque hills, verdant wildlife sanctuaries, and a coastline embracing a vibrant ecological system.

Prominent Features

Surrounding Hills

Visakhapatnam’s hilly terrain plays a vital role in shaping its environment:

• Simhachalam Hills: Home to the revered Simhachalam Temple.
• Yarada Hills: Offering panoramic views of the Bay of Bengal.
• Dolphin’s Nose Hill: A famed headland with historical relevance and spectacular oceanic vistas.
• Kailasagiri Hills: A recreational hotspot adorned with parks and religious statues.
• Erra Matti Dibbalu: Unique red sand dunes recognized as a geo-heritage site.

Wildlife Sanctuary

The Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary, located in the northwest, spans 621.52 km², housing numerous endemic flora and fauna.

Ecological Significance

The hills and sanctuary act as natural shields, mitigating environmental changes and supporting biodiversity.

Climate

Visakhapatnam experiences a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen Aw classification), marked by moderate seasonal variations:

• Summer (March to May): High temperatures averaging 30.7°C, peaking at 42°C in May.
• Monsoons (June to September): Receives rainfall from both southwest and northeast monsoons, with an annual precipitation of 1,118.8 mm.
• Winter (November to February): Cooler months averaging temperatures between 17°C and 27°C, with January being the coldest.

Notable Climatic Events

• In 2014, Cyclone Hudhud struck near Visakhapatnam, inflicting severe damage and marking one of the most impactful cyclones in its history.
• The city has recorded a temperature as low as 10.5°C in January 1962, a rare phenomenon in coastal areas.

Geographic Importance

With its unique coastal-hilly blend and favorable maritime climate, Visakhapatnam is a hub of ecological diversity, sustainable development, and tourism. Whether its sand dunes, lush green landscapes, or an unending coastline, the city’s geographic fabric makes it stand apart.

Demographics of Visakhapatnam

Population Statistics (2011 Census)

As per the 2011 Census of India, the population of Visakhapatnam stood at 1,728,128:

• Males: 873,599
• Females: 854,529
• Sex Ratio: 978 females per 1,000 males
• Density: 18,480/km² (47,900/sq mi)

Child Population (0–6 years):

• Total: 164,129
  • Boys: 84,298
  • Girls: 79,831
  • Sex Ratio in this group: 947 girls per 1,000 boys

Literacy Rate:

• Average literacy: 81.79%
  • Literates: 1,279,137 (688,678 males and 590,459 females)

A notable aspect of the city’s socio-economic fabric is that 44.61% of its population resides in slums, accounting for 770,971 people.

In 2022, Visakhapatnam’s population was estimated to have grown to 2,358,412, reflecting its status as a fast-growing urban center, ranked 122nd globally.

Languages Spoken

Visakhapatnam is linguistically diverse, with Telugu as the official and most widely spoken language. According to the 2011 Census, the linguistic distribution is:

• Telugu: 92.13%
• Urdu: 2.77%
• Hindi: 2.19%
• Odia: 0.92%
• Others: 1.99%

The city hosts two Telugu dialects:

1. Common Telugu: Spoken across urban regions.
2. Uttarandhra Dialect: Predominantly used by residents originating from neighboring Vizianagaram and Srikakulam districts.

Other linguistic groups include Tamil, Malayali, Sindhi, Kannadiga, Odia, Bengali, and Bihari migrants, creating a multicultural and cosmopolitan city. A notable historical demographic is the Anglo-Indian community, the city’s early cosmopolitans.

Religious Composition

Visakhapatnam’s religious breakdown, per the 2011 Census, is predominantly Hindu:

• Hinduism: 92.32%
• Islam: 3.85%
• Christianity: 3.07%
• Other or unstated: 0.76%

Historically, the region was a prominent Buddhist hub, evidenced by ancient Buddhist sangharamas and relics around the city. However, the modern Buddhist population in Visakhapatnam is minimal, at approximately 0.03%.

This rich amalgamation of linguistic, religious, and ethnic diversity makes Visakhapatnam a melting pot of cultures in the Coastal Andhra region.

Administration of Visakhapatnam

Civic Body: Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation (GVMC)

The Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation (GVMC) manages the city’s civic needs. Initially established as the Vizag Municipality in 1858, the city gained municipal corporation status in 1979. The GVMC officially came into existence on 21 November 2005, expanding the city’s administrative purview following the merger of municipalities such as Gajuwaka, Anakapalle, and Bheemunipatnam.

Current Area of Jurisdiction:

• 681.96 km² (263.31 sq mi), as per recent updates.
• Initially recorded as 513.61 km² in the 2011 census, the growth in jurisdiction reflects the region’s expansion under GVMC.

The municipal governance functions are regulated by:

1. State Municipal Act
2. Andhra Pradesh Municipalities Act, 1965
3. Andhra Pradesh Municipal Corporations Act, 1994
4. Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation Act, 1979

City Zoning and Wards

• The city is divided into 9 zones, which include wards for administrative efficiency.
• Following a recent inclusion of five villages from Bheemili with a population of around 19,000, GVMC now oversees 98 wards.

Municipal Governance Structure

GVMC governance is divided into:

1. Elected Wing
   • Mayor: Heads the elected representatives.
   • Municipal elections occur periodically. The last significant municipal elections for GVMC were planned for March 2020, but subsequent results and mayoral leadership details are pending.
2. Administrative Wing
   • Municipal Commissioner: Oversees operations and administration. The current commissioner is G. Srijana.
   • Supported by:
     • 4 Additional Commissioners
     • 8 Zonal Commissioners
3. Executive Departments:
   GVMC operates through multiple specialized departments, including:
   • Engineering
   • Public Health
   • Revenue
   • Town Planning
   • Horticulture
   • Education
   • Finance
   • IT E-Governance
   • Urban Community Development

Committees and Election Governance

GVMC has several structural committees for localized governance:

1. Standing Committees: Chairpersons representing all wards.
2. Ward Committees: Typically manage groups of no less than ten wards.
3. Special Committees: Formed as required, consisting of members from the GVMC body.

Recent Municipal Elections

The previous GVMC elections were held in 2007. After a long gap of 13 years, elections were scheduled for 23 March 2020. Results across Seemandhra municipalities and corporations were declared, showing strong performances from TDP (Telugu Desam Party) and YSR Congress in different regions.

GVMC continues to evolve as a dynamic governance institution, adapting to the expanding urban and rural agglomeration within its jurisdiction. Its organizational structure, integrating various wings and committees, ensures streamlined operations across an ever-growing city.

Municipal Budget of Visakhapatnam

Overview of the Budget

For the financial year 2020–21, the Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation (GVMC) estimated a budget of ₹4,171 crore (about ₹49 billion or US$590 million in 2023). This marks an increase of ₹337 crore (around ₹419 crore or US$50 million in 2023) compared to the previous year’s budget for 2019–20. This growth reflects the city’s continued expansion and development.

Revenue Generation

GVMC generates its revenue from various sources, such as:

• Property Tax
• Vacant Land Tax
• Water Charges
• Remunerative Enterprises (businesses that generate revenue)

Masterplan and Development Strategy

Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Region Development Authority (VMRDA)

In 2019, the VMRDA Planning Wing began preparing two strategic plans:

1. Perspective Plan 2051
2. Master Plan 2041

The Perspective Plan 2051 is a 30-year strategy focused on:

• Resource conservation
• Regional growth
• Economic development
• Transportation improvements
• Coastal zone regulation
• Disaster management
• Population forecasting and distribution

Meanwhile, the Master Plan 2041 proposes growth through:

• Transit-oriented development
• Expansion of satellite towns like Vizianagaram, Anakapalle, and Bheemili
• Tourism destination development and a comprehensive rural agenda
• Resilient city planning and metro rail expansion

Additionally, proposals include building a transit corridor linking Bhogapuram Airport with the city’s business hubs and industrial clusters in Atchutapuram as part of the Visakhapatnam-Chennai Industrial Corridor.

District Administration

District Structure and Revenue Divisions

• The Visakhapatnam district spans 11,161 km² (4,309 sq mi).
• It is divided into 43 Mandals, each headed by a Tahsildar.
• The district has 4 revenue divisions overseen by Revenue Divisional Officers (RDOs) in the rank of Sub-Collector or Deputy Collector, who act as Sub Divisional Magistrates.

Law and Order

• Law enforcement in the city is under the jurisdiction of the Visakhapatnam City Police, headed by the Police Commissioner.
• The current City Police Commissioner is Mr. Manish Kumar Sinha, with three Deputy Commissioners responsible for different zones.
• The Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Region Development Authority (VMRDA) is in charge of urban planning for the city and its suburbs, covering 2 corporations, 1 municipality, 1 nagar panchayat, and 895 villages in Visakhapatnam and Vizianagaram districts.
• The expanded metropolitan region now spans 4,873 km² (1,881 sq mi) with a population of over 5 million.

Court System

The District & Sessions Court in Visakhapatnam also includes a Family Court, handling judicial matters within the city.

Legislative Assembly and Parliament Representation

Legislative Assembly Constituencies

Visakhapatnam has 8 legislative assembly constituencies, each represented by elected members. Notable constituencies and elected representatives include:

• Bheemili: Ganta Srinivasa Rao
• Visakhapatnam South: Vamsi Krishna Srinivas
• Visakhapatnam East: Velagapudi Ramakrishna Babu
• Visakhapatnam North: Penmetsa Vishnu Kumar Raju
• Visakhapatnam West: P. G. V. R. Naidu
• Gajuwaka: Palla Srinivasa Rao
• Pendurthi: Panchakarla Ramesh Babu
• Anakapalle: Konathala Ramakrishna

Lok Sabha Representation

• Anakapalle and Pendurthi constituencies fall under the Anakapalli Lok Sabha constituency, currently represented by C. M. Ramesh.
• The Visakhapatnam Lok Sabha constituency is represented by Mathukumilli Bharat.

Civic Utilities in Visakhapatnam

Power Supply

The Andhra Pradesh Eastern Power Distribution Company Limited (APEPDCL) is responsible for supplying electricity to Visakhapatnam. This utility ensures that the city has an efficient and stable power supply to meet the needs of its residents and industries.

Fire Services

Fire services in Visakhapatnam are managed by the Andhra Pradesh State Disaster Response and Fire Department, Eastern Region (AP Fire). This department provides emergency response in case of fire accidents and plays a crucial role in disaster management within the city.

Water Supply

Visakhapatnam’s water supply is managed through a network of service reservoirs:

• Town Service Reservoir, Dwarakanagar
• High-Level Service Reservoir, T.B. Road, Uplands
• Circuit House Reservoir, Waltair Uplands

The city is divided into 14 blocks, and each block is served by separate reservoirs. Currently, there are 35 reservoirs servicing different segments of the city. The primary mode of water distribution includes public taps and house service connections.

In addition to surface water, the city also relies on approximately 2,072 bore wells as sources of groundwater. According to a report from 2015, the GVMC (Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation) mainly depends on surface water for its raw water supply. It supplies around 54.9% of the city with household-level piped connections. However, there exists a supply gap of almost 66 million litres per day (MLD) to meet the demand.

Underground Drainage

As of 2019, 50% of the city has access to underground drainage. This infrastructure is in the process of being expanded due to the growth of the city over the last decade, especially with the integration of nearby towns such as Bheemili and Anakapalle into the GVMC’s jurisdiction. To address this, the GVMC has undertaken a project with a budget of ₹10 crore (around ₹12 crore or US$1.5 million in 2023) to extend the underground drainage system. This project will provide underground drainage access to an estimated 8,000 households, with pumping stations at Venkata Puram and Vimannagar.

Waste Management

In 2015, the GVMC generated approximately 920 tons of waste per day, a figure that reflects the city’s rapid urbanization and increasing population. The waste is disposed of at the Kapuluppada dumpsite, which has been the city’s primary landfill since 2007. Proper waste management remains a key focus area as the city continues to expand.

Economy of Visakhapatnam

Visakhapatnam, often referred to as Vizag, is a key economic hub in India with a GDP of $43.5 billion and ranked as the 9th richest city in the country. It is one of the world’s 100 fastest growing cities, benefiting from its well-developed industrial sectors, trade, and a robust infrastructure. The city’s strategic coastal location has allowed it to thrive in both maritime commerce and industrial growth.

Port and Maritime Industry

Visakhapatnam’s ports, namely Visakhapatnam Port and Gangavaram Port, are vital to the city’s economy. The Visakhapatnam Port is a significant contributor, handling over 60 million tonnes of cargo during the 2016-17 financial year. It has earned the reputation of being the top port for cargo handling in India. It also specializes in seafood exports, with a usual exporting capacity of 115,000 tonnes of seafood, often topping charts in terms of export value. The Gangavaram Port complements this, increasing trade opportunities for the region.

Furthermore, Hindustan Shipyard, a key player in the defense sector, is involved in building and repairing naval ships, contributing to India’s maritime security and the city’s economic importance.

Information Technology and Fintech

Visakhapatnam has seen a notable rise in its IT sector. By 2016-17, the turnover of the IT industry reached ₹54 billion (US$650 million), highlighting significant growth from the ₹1,450 crore (equivalent to ₹25 billion in 2023) recorded in 2013-14. With over 350 firms operational in the region, the city’s IT sector plays a vital role in driving its economy.

To bolster this sector further, government initiatives like the Sunrise Startup Village and Fintech Valley Vizag have been established to position Visakhapatnam as a global fintech capital. The city attracts various national and multinational IT/ITeS and fintech companies such as IBM, Wipro, Tech Mahindra, Conduent, and Paytm. New investments from companies like Google X, ANSR Consulting, and Franklin Templeton are fueling the growing fintech ecosystem in the region.

Visakhapatnam is also fostering a digital economy with projects like the Millennium IT Towers designed to attract more investments into fintech. The first phase, Millennium IT Towers 1, was inaugurated in 2019 with Millennium IT Towers 2 still in the pipeline.

Textile Industry

The city’s industrial sector includes the Brandix India Apparel City, the largest textile park in India. It has a workforce of over 15,000 women, making it a leader in women’s employment. This sector contributes significantly to the region’s economic output and offers immense potential for further growth.

Other Industries in Visakhapatnam

Visakhapatnam’s economy is highly diversified with strong industrial growth. The city’s industrial sector thrives on the synergy of pharma, metallurgical, power, and petrochemical industries, making it a crucial manufacturing and economic hub in Andhra Pradesh.

Pharmaceutical Industry

Visakhapatnam hosts the Jawaharlal Nehru Pharma City (JNPC), one of India’s largest pharmaceutical zones, sprawling over 2,400 acres in Parawada, near the city. The JNPC attracts major pharmaceutical companies including Hospira, Mylan, Eisai, Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Aurobindo Pharma, Torrent Pharma, and Divis Laboratories, among others. This presence solidifies Visakhapatnam’s position as a crucial player in India’s pharmaceutical manufacturing sector, contributing significantly to both domestic production and export markets.

Additionally, Andhra Pradesh Medtech Zone Limited (AP Medtech) in Visakhapatnam stands as India’s first ultra-modern medical equipment manufacturing and testing facility. This project not only attracts manufacturers but also innovators working on cutting-edge medical technology, further propelling Visakhapatnam’s status as a hub for both pharmaceutical and medical device industries.

Ferroalloy and Metallurgical Industry

Visakhapatnam’s proximity to rich reserves of manganese ore has led to the establishment of several ferroalloy plants, a critical industry that caters to the demand in steel production. This industry’s importance is augmented by the availability of resources like manganese ore, and it supports the thriving iron and steel industry in the region.

In addition, the city is witnessing the growth of the aluminium industry driven by the bauxite reserves in the surrounding areas. Key players such as AnRak Aluminium and Jindal Aluminium are setting up plants to meet both domestic and global demands for aluminium products, expanding Visakhapatnam’s industrial footprint.

Petrochemical Industry

Visakhapatnam’s role as part of the Petroleum, Chemical and Petrochemical Investment Region (PCPIR)—proposed between the city and Kakinada—is a significant boost for its industrial future. This PCPIR is poised to generate 1.2 million jobs and attract a projected investment of ₹400 billion (US$4.8 billion). The development of this vast region is expected to foster the growth of chemical and petrochemical manufacturing, further elevating Visakhapatnam’s industrial profile.

Power Generation

The energy sector in Visakhapatnam is expanding rapidly, with several large-scale power projects under development. The Simhadri Super Thermal Power Station by NTPC, located in the district, is currently undergoing expansion. The additional supercritical unit being constructed will increase the plant’s generating capacity by 660–1,000 MW, further stabilizing the power supply in the region and supporting industrial growth.

Additionally, Hindujas has embarked on building a 1,070 MW thermal power plant in the area, costing about US$1.25 billion. This project represents another significant investment in Visakhapatnam’s power infrastructure, contributing to the area’s energy capacity and ensuring a stable supply for its growing industrial needs.

Cityscape of Visakhapatnam

Visakhapatnam, a city that seamlessly combines its rich history with modern development, has transformed from a humble fishing village to a bustling commercial hub. Known for its scenic beauty and strategic location along the Bay of Bengal, it is one of the prominent cities in Andhra Pradesh. The city is not just a business center but also a haven for tourists, offering a vibrant landscape filled with numerous landmarks, neighbourhoods, and lush green spaces.

Neighbourhoods

Visakhapatnam is divided into several urban and semi-rural neighbourhoods, reflecting the diverse character of the city. Urban areas like Allipuram, Arilova, Asilmetta, Dwaraka Nagar, Gajuwaka, and Jagadamba Centre are bustling hubs of business and commerce. The city’s residential areas, such as Gopalapatnam, MVP Colony, Seethammadhara, and Rushikonda, are among the more developed and well-connected neighbourhoods, offering a mix of high-rise buildings and beautiful coastal views.

On the semi-rural front, areas like Anakapalle, Bheemunipatnam, and Parawada are slowly growing with more developments due to their proximity to the city, making them attractive for residential projects and investment.

Landmarks and Attractions

Visakhapatnam boasts an array of natural and man-made landmarks that draw both locals and tourists from around the world. The city’s landscape features beautiful beaches, caves, and a diverse range of wildlife sanctuaries, with about 30% of the city being covered in greenery. Key landmarks include:

• Dolphin’s Nose: A prominent hilltop offering panoramic views of the city and the coastline, famous for the lighthouse that serves as a guide for ships entering the bay.
• Kailasagiri: A hilltop park with lush greenery and statues of prominent figures, offering breathtaking views of the city and coastline. It’s a perfect spot for picnics and recreational activities.
• Beach Road: A scenic road running along the coastline, lined with prominent parks and leading to some of the most famous beaches in the city.
• INS Kursura Submarine Museum: Located on the beach, this decommissioned submarine offers a glimpse into the life of sailors and naval warfare, providing a unique experience as part of the city’s maritime history.

• Anti-Submarine Warfare Aircraft TU 142 Museum: Located near the Submarine Museum, this museum features an aircraft used for anti-submarine warfare, allowing visitors to explore its history and role in naval defense.

Other notable places include:

• Indira Gandhi Zoological Park, which houses a variety of species and is an excellent place for family visits.
• Matsyadarsini Aquarium, offering a detailed insight into marine life and the aquatic species of the region.
• Erra Matti Dibbalu (Red Sand Dunes), an impressive geological formation, now protected as a heritage site.
• D Ramanaidu Film Studio, one of the major film shooting destinations in the city.
• Telugu Samskruthika Niketanam, a cultural venue atop Kailasagiri developed by the World Telugu Federation, showcasing the rich cultural heritage of Telugu-speaking people.
• Vuda City Central Park, home to India’s tallest musical fountain, a modern spectacle that illuminates the park with vibrant lights and digital music.

Beaches and Eco-Tourism

Visakhapatnam’s coastal location offers an extensive range of beaches such as RK Beach, Rushikonda Beach, and Mangamaripeta Beach, which are perfect for relaxation, water sports, and scenic views. Lesser-known beaches such as Yarada, Bheemili, Lawson’s Bay, Tenneti, Sagar Nagar, Thotlakonda, and Gangavaram Beach add to the charm of the region.

In addition to beaches, Tyda, an eco-tourism project, and Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary are great destinations for nature lovers and those looking to experience the rich biodiversity of the region.

Caves and Heritage Sites

For adventure and history enthusiasts, the Borra Caves, discovered in 1807, are an essential part of the city’s geological heritage, featuring impressive limestone formations. The caves offer a peek into the region’s ancient history while showcasing stunning natural rock structures.

Visakhapatnam’s cityscape blends modernity and heritage, making it not only an industrial powerhouse but also a city of natural beauty, culture, and tourism. From pristine beaches to strategic landmarks and rich biodiversity, Visakhapatnam’s cityscape invites exploration and discovery.

Transport in Visakhapatnam

Visakhapatnam boasts a robust and diverse transportation infrastructure that caters to the city’s growing population and its role as a major industrial and economic hub. With well-developed systems for road, rail, sea, and air travel, the city facilitates smooth and efficient mobility for residents and visitors alike.

Road Transport

For city commuting, public buses, auto rickshaws, and personal vehicles are the primary modes of transport. City buses, operated by APSRTC, are popular, with over 600 buses running on more than 150 routes. The buses serve not only the city but also nearby districts and states through the Dwaraka Bus Station. Additionally, Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) has been implemented in two corridors (Pendurthi and Simhachalam), offering a more efficient mode of transportation.

Auto rickshaws form a crucial part of the intermediate public transport network, with approximately 25,000 autos providing an easy option for short-distance travel around the city. For those preferring personal travel, two-wheelers and cars are widely used.

Visakhapatnam is well-connected to the rest of the country through major roads. National Highway 16 (NH16), which forms part of the Golden Quadrilateral highway system, bypasses the city, connecting Visakhapatnam with cities like Chennai and Kolkata. The city is also part of a major road network spanning 2,007.10 km (1,247 miles), facilitating interstate travel.

A new Integrated Bus Terminal Complex is under construction at Maddilapalem, promising to further streamline public transport services in the city.

Rail Transport

The Visakhapatnam Junction Railway Station is a key hub in the city, classified as an A1 station by Indian Railways and serving an average of 20,000 to 25,000 passengers daily. The station generates the highest gross revenue within the Waltair Railway Division and is equipped with the country’s largest diesel locomotive shed, with a capacity for 206 locomotives.

Long-distance trains from the station provide convenient travel connections to major cities across India. The station sees a passenger rise during festivals, reaching up to 40,000 passengers on peak days. Visakhapatnam is also home to the South Coast Railway Zone, playing a pivotal role in the region’s railway operations.

In the future, Visakhapatnam Metro, a planned metro rail project, is expected to revolutionize urban transport, offering an additional mode of convenient and eco-friendly commuting.

Air Transport

The Visakhapatnam Airport, located 7 km from the city center, serves as a significant travel hub on the east coast of India. With annual passenger traffic reaching 2.8 million in 2018, the airport has shown substantial growth, handling a total of 23,264 aircraft movements in the same year. The airport’s connectivity includes domestic flights to cities like Hyderabad, Chennai, and Delhi, and the airport aims to further enhance its facilities to cater to the rising demand for air travel.

Visakhapatnam Airport also connects the city with the Andaman and Nicobar Islands via cruise shipping, adding another travel option for tourists heading to these exotic destinations.

Sea Transport

Visakhapatnam Port stands as one of the 13 major ports of India and holds the distinction of being the largest port in Andhra Pradesh. It is also the second-largest port in India based on the volume of cargo handled. Strategically located on the east coast, the port operates between the Chennai and Kolkata Ports, making it a vital maritime hub. In addition to cargo, cruise shipping services are also operational between Visakhapatnam and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, strengthening the city’s connection to both international and domestic coastal destinations.

Education in Visakhapatnam

Visakhapatnam has a diverse and well-developed education system that serves the needs of students across primary, secondary, tertiary, and technical education levels. The city boasts a rich history of educational institutions and is home to a range of institutions offering high-quality academic programs. From ancient schools to modern universities, Visakhapatnam provides a solid foundation for students aspiring to excel in various fields.

Primary and Secondary Education

The primary and secondary education in Visakhapatnam is delivered by a mix of government, aided, and private schools. The School Education Department of Andhra Pradesh manages these schools and caters to a wide demographic. According to the 2016–17 academic year report, urban Visakhapatnam had 144,268 students enrolled in 434 schools. Schools typically follow one of three major boards: the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), the Secondary School Certificate (SSC), or the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), with English and Telugu being the mediums of instruction.

One of the city’s oldest schools, St. Aloysius’ Anglo-Indian High School, established in 1847, holds significant historical value. The Visakhapatnam District Central Library located at Dwaraka Nagar is an important educational resource that supports both students and academics with its wide array of books and materials.

Junior and Higher Education

Visakhapatnam also has a significant presence of junior colleges, offering academic programs primarily in streams like Science, Commerce, and Arts. Many government, private, and Andhra Pradesh Social Welfare Residential institutions provide quality education in this regard.

For higher education, the city has some notable autonomous institutions. Andhra University, established as a statutory body, is the most prominent autonomous university in the city, recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC). Other historical institutions include Mrs. A. V. N. College, one of the oldest colleges in Visakhapatnam, and GITAM University (Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management), a reputed institution offering undergraduate, postgraduate, and research programs.

Technical and Specialized Institutions

Visakhapatnam also shines in the realm of technical education with several esteemed colleges. Among these, the Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering is recognized for its comprehensive engineering programs and its contribution to shaping talented engineers.

In the legal field, the Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University (DSNLU) plays a vital role in the education of future lawyers, offering high-quality legal education in the state. DSNLU ranks as the 15th National Law University in the country and admits students based on the Common Law Admission Test (CLAT).

The Indian Maritime University (IMU) is another noteworthy educational institution in the city, serving the maritime industry by offering specialized training to students in areas like naval engineering, ship management, and other maritime-related fields. The National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), a government-backed institute, is located in Visakhapatnam, offering extensive research and educational programs in ocean sciences.

Moreover, Indian Institute of Management Visakhapatnam (IIM-V) is set to further enhance the city’s stature as an academic hub by offering world-class management programs. The Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy (IIPE), another distinguished institute, focuses on education and research related to the energy sector.

Emerging Institutions

Visakhapatnam is also positioning itself as an innovation hub with upcoming institutions. The planned Indian Institute of Packaging (IIP) and BITS Pilani & Birla International School will elevate the city’s educational landscape, focusing on specialized fields like packaging engineering and international schooling.

Defence and Research in Visakhapatnam

Visakhapatnam plays a pivotal role in India’s defence and research sectors. The city is strategically important not only because of its position along the coastline but also due to the presence of key military installations and research organizations. Its role as the headquarters of the Eastern Naval Command and its involvement in the naval industry make Visakhapatnam a central hub for maritime defence activities in the country.

Naval Base and Installations

Visakhapatnam is home to several crucial naval bases and facilities, contributing to India’s naval strength and security. The Eastern Naval Command (ENC) is headquartered here and oversees naval operations across the eastern part of the Indian Ocean. This includes a series of naval establishments such as INS Virbahu, INS Karna, INS Kalinga, INS Samudrika, INS Satavahana, and INS Dega. These establishments are responsible for naval operations, research, and training.

The Naval Dockyard, established in 1949, is an integral part of the city’s maritime heritage and plays a central role in the repair and maintenance of naval vessels. Moreover, the city’s INS Vikrant recently made its debut at Vizag Port for the prestigious MILAN 2024 naval exercise. The Indian Coast Guard also maintains a significant presence in Visakhapatnam, along with naval ships and office facilities to strengthen the region’s maritime security.

A significant development is underway with the establishment of the INS Rambilli base, which will become India’s first dedicated nuclear submarine base. Being built on 5,000 acres with an investment of ₹15 billion (US$180 million), this base will be a key strategic asset for India’s nuclear deterrence capabilities. Additionally, India’s first nuclear submarine, INS Arihant, was launched from the Naval Dockyard in Visakhapatnam, and Bharat Dynamics has initiated torpedo manufacturing in the city.

Naval Training

Visakhapatnam also serves as an important training ground for the Indian Navy. The Navy ShipWright School is one of the prominent naval training institutes located here, training naval officers and personnel in various technical aspects of naval operations, ship maintenance, and shipbuilding.

Research Organizations

Visakhapatnam is not only a hub for military activities but also plays a crucial role in scientific research. The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), one of India’s leading nuclear research organizations, operates a facility in Atchutapuram Mandal in Visakhapatnam district, which is the second BARC research facility in India after Trombay. This facility supports India’s atomic energy programs, contributing to advancements in nuclear science and technology.

Other prominent research organizations in the city include the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), which focuses on marine and oceanographic research, and the India Meteorological Department (IMD), which monitors and forecasts weather, contributing to national safety and disaster preparedness.

Sports in Visakhapatnam

Visakhapatnam is a city with a rich sporting culture, with cricket being the most popular sport, followed by football and tennis. The city has several sports infrastructure facilities, including renowned stadiums, beaches for aquatic activities, and a host of sports teams and local leagues that contribute to its vibrant sports culture.

Cricket in Visakhapatnam

Cricket dominates the sporting landscape in Visakhapatnam, with many local teams participating in district and zonal cricket matches. Gully cricket, or cricket played in streets or parks, is a popular form of the game among local youth. Visakhapatnam also holds international recognition in the cricketing world, particularly because of the Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy International Cricket Stadium at PM Palem. This stadium serves as the home ground for the Andhra Cricket Association and regularly hosts Ranji Trophy, One Day Internationals (ODIs), and Test Matches.

The stadium made history by hosting its first Test match against England in November 2016, and it has since hosted several high-profile IPL matches as a neutral venue. Another notable stadium, the Indira Priyadarshini Stadium (also known as the Municipal Corporation Stadium), hosted the first ODI match in 1988 but was eventually discontinued for international matches in favor of the new stadium.

In addition to these major cricket stadiums, Visakhapatnam is also home to the Port Trust Golden Jubilee Stadium, the second largest stadium in the city. This stadium has hosted Under-19 Youth International matches and was also the home ground for Telugu Titans during the 2014 Pro Kabaddi League season. The city also has Swarna Bharathi Indoor Stadium, which hosts a variety of indoor sports.

Other Sports Activities

Apart from cricket, Visakhapatnam is also popular for other sports such as football, tennis, and kabaddi. The city’s reputation as a venue for multi-sport events was solidified when it co-hosted the 32nd National Games alongside Hyderabad in 2002.

Indoor sports activities are hosted in various venues such as the Swarna Bharathi Indoor Stadium, built by the Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation (GVMC). Additionally, the GVMC Aqua Sports Complex, located near Beach Road, is a center for aquatic sports, offering facilities for swimming and diving enthusiasts.

Water Sports

Visakhapatnam’s scenic coastal beauty adds an exciting dimension to water sports. The city offers surfing activities, particularly at Rushikonda Beach, which is popular among locals and tourists alike for water sports. Scuba diving at Chintapalli is another exciting adventure drawing tourists from around the world, adding to the city’s appeal as a tourist destination for water-based adventures.

Media in Visakhapatnam

Visakhapatnam is a hub of media activity with a variety of print, radio, and digital platforms providing news, entertainment, and information to its residents. The city’s vibrant media landscape features numerous Telugu and English newspapers, as well as a variety of FM radio stations, ensuring wide coverage and connectivity for the local population.

Print Media

Visakhapatnam is home to several influential Telugu dailies that cater to local readers, offering a mix of news, entertainment, and regional updates. Some of the popular Telugu newspapers published in the city include:

• Eenadu
• Andhra Jyothy
• Sakshi
• Andhra Bhoomi
• Andhra Prabha
• Vaartha
• Suryaa
• Prajasakti
• Visalaandhra

In addition to Telugu-language dailies, several prominent English newspapers also have a presence in Visakhapatnam, broadening the range of available information:

• The Hindu
• The Times of India
• Deccan Chronicle
• The Hindu Business Line
• The New Indian Express
• The Hans India

This range of publications ensures that the city caters to the diverse linguistic preferences of its population, with content available in both regional and national languages.

Radio Stations

Visakhapatnam is home to several FM radio stations offering a mix of music, talk shows, news, and entertainment in multiple languages. Popular FM stations in the city include:

• Radio City – 91.1 (Telugu/Hindi)
• Big 92.7 FM – 92.7 (Telugu/Hindi)
• Red FM – 93.5 (Telugu/Hindi)
• Radio Mirchi – 98.3 (Telugu)
• AIR Primary – 101.6 (Telugu)
• AIR FM Rainbow – 102.0 (Telugu)
• Visakha FM – 105.6 (Telugu)
• Gyan Vani – 106.4 (Telugu/English/Hindi)

Additionally, there are DRM stations like Air Vizag (918 kHz), which contribute to providing news and entertainment.

Notable People from Visakhapatnam

Visakhapatnam has been the birthplace or home to numerous influential individuals in various fields, including science, literature, politics, and entertainment. Some of the most notable people associated with the city include:

• Sir C. V. Raman – Nobel Laureate in Physics for his discovery of the Raman Effect.
• Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – The first Vice President of India, known for his contributions to philosophy and education.
• Alluri Sitarama Raju – A legendary freedom fighter who led the Rampa Rebellion against British rule.
• Gurajada Apparao – Famous playwright and poet, known for his literary works that had a significant impact on Telugu literature.
• Sri Sri – A renowned poet and lyricist.
• Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry – Another iconic poet and lyricist in Telugu cinema.
• Beesetti Venkata Satyavathi – Well-known social worker and literary figure.
• Malla Vijaya Prasad – Acclaimed actor and theater artist.
• Devika Rani – A prominent actress in the Indian film industry during the 1930s-40s.
• L. V. Revanth – Popular singer in the Telugu and Indian music scene.

These notable individuals have contributed significantly to various sectors, making Visakhapatnam a city of cultural, scientific, and artistic importance.

Conclusion

The media landscape in Visakhapatnam plays a pivotal role in shaping public opinion and disseminating information. From newspapers catering to diverse linguistic communities to a vibrant selection of FM radio stations, the city’s media reflects its multicultural ethos and dynamic character. Furthermore, Visakhapatnam’s legacy of contributing talents to the fields of literature, science, sports, and entertainment highlights its place as a city with a rich cultural and intellectual heritage.

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